Founded in 1909, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is the nation’s oldest civil rights organization. Over its 100+ year history The NAACP has grown exponentially to what is now a network of more than 2,200 affiliates covering all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Japan and Germany. Total membership exceeds 500,000.¹

The NAACP is established as a 501(C)(3) and as such “because of the law and long term NAACP policy, NAACP units do not engage in partisan political activity. However, the NAACP has a long… history of engaging in nonpartisan voter registration and get out the vote efforts.” ² But the organization has at times faced criticism³ and investigations⁴ for being notably one-sided against Republicans.

The NAACP is a $29 million per year multi-organization non-profit⁵, focused on lobbying, civic engement, and field operations.⁶  However, in recent years, as the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement proliferated, the NAACP has struggled to rebrand itself against claims that the group had become outdated⁷ and ultimately irrelevant.⁸ The group’s recently president, Cornell William Brooks, sought to use anti-Trump opposition and civil disobedience as an effort to court young members.⁹ Brooks was ousted¹⁰ by the National NAACP Board, which is currently seeking a new leader that is better at “navigating local, regional and state policymaking processes.”¹¹

Organizational History

The NAACP’s “birth date” is considered to be on February 12, 1909, even though the meeting was postponed to May 30. According to John Tepper at HuffPo:

[….] the meeting was held in New York City’s Henry Street Settlement House. The 40 people in attendance called themselves at first the National Negro Committee. Harvard Professor W. E. B. Du Bois helped organize the event and presided over it. One year later, at its second conference, the membership renamed themselves the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.¹²

The first officers of the group were:

National President, Moorfield Storey, Boston

Chairman of the Executive Committee, William English Walling

Treasurer, John E. Milholland

Disbursing Treasurer, Oswald Garrison Villard

Executive Secretary, Frances Blascoer

Director of Publicity and Research, Dr. W. E. B. DuBois.¹³

According to information on the NAACP’s website the NAACP has grown in waves, the group’s membership “first peaked in 1919-1920 with about 90,000 dues paying members in nearly 400 chapters” it then decreased during the 20’s and slowly grew in the 1930s. The NAACP’s membership “then exploded in the context of World War II and the Fair Employment Practices initiative.” But the Cold War of the early 1950s caused the organization’s membership to again shrink. Then during the southern civil rights fights of the mid-1950s, the organization’s membership “surged and the number of branch organizations passed the 1,000 threshold by 1977.”¹⁴

In 1965, noted civil rights protest leader Bayard Rustin “argued that the coalition that had come together for the March on Washington (which included the NAACP¹⁵) needed to place less emphasis on protest and focus on electing liberal Democrats who could enact a progressive policy agenda centered on employment, housing, and civil rights.”¹⁶ In 1993, under then President Benjamin Chavis, the NAACP converted from a “‘moderate’ civil rights group to an openly radical leftist organization.”¹⁷ Chavis argued, “the civil rights movement should fight aggressively against the national conservative agenda, articulating a program of progressive, democratic reforms aimed at the most disadvantaged members of society.”¹⁸

In 2007, the NAACP cut its national staff by a third “because of what a spokesman described at the time as several years of falling fundraising revenues.”¹⁹

From 2008 to 2013, the group saw resurgence as membership grew modestly by “about 9 percent, to a total of 221,000”²⁰ meanwhile, the organization “greatly increased its advocacy and fundraising outreach” as their revenue grew from $25.7 million in 2008 to $46 million in 2012.²¹

NAACP in the Age of Trump

Irrelevancy Criticisms

In recent years, the NAACP has faced criticisms that the group in the age of Black Lives Matter had become an “irrelevant,”²²  “outdated”²³, and an “inconsequential…entrenched bureaucracy.”²⁴

The Washington Post reported that “Many NAACP critics say the organization is the embodiment of an outdated brand of suit-and-tie activism that puts too much of a premium on respectability and etiquette. Even some of the organization’s backers use words like ‘sleepy,’ ‘senior’ and ‘venerable’ to describe the 108-year-old organization.”²⁵

Anti-Trump Revitalization Effort

Throughout 2017, the NAACP has often fought against President Donald Trump and the Trump Administration. In 2017, the NAACP opposed at least four of Trump’s cabinet appointments.²⁶ The group has also protested Education Secretary Betsy DeVos’ speech to a historically black college. ²⁷ And in early 2017, six NAACP members including the NAACP’s then-President Cornell W. Brooks were arrested for trespassing in relation to a sit-in in then-Sen. Jeff Sessions office in Mobile, Alabama, to protest his nomination for Attorney General.²⁸  Brooks “argued that Sessions’ ‘record suggests that he will carry on an old, ugly legacy in this country’s history.” However, the the NAACP apparently failed to recognize that its Alabama chapter had previously given Sessions a “Governmental Award of Excellence” in 2009.²⁹

The NAACP’s opposition to Sen. Sessions nomination prompted Senator Lindsey Graham to criticize the organization for its anti-Republican bias, which Sen. Graham said, “speaks for itself” and further noting, “I hope that doesn’t make us all [Republicans] racist and all of them [Democrats] perfect on the issue.”³⁰

Observers noted, that through these actions, the NAACP sought to thrust the group “to the forefront of a nascent resistance movement against President-elect Donald Trump” in an effort to “[court] affirmation from the young.”³¹  Former NAACP president Brooks, described it as a “Twitter-age civil rights movement… which includes environmental racism, the battle against the corrupting power of money in politics.” ³²

Brooks Ouster

However, Brooks’ attempts were short-lived and in May 2017, the NAACP’s board “ousted” him.³³ NAACP Board Chairman Leon Russell said the change was “necessary to better position the organization to combat the onslaught of civil rights assaults and rollbacks the board expects under President Donald Trump and Attorney General Jeff Sessions and to prepare the organization to shape the country in the next century.” ³⁴

Specifically, Russell said, the board “is looking for a leader who can focus on strengthening the local chapters and navigating local, regional and state policymaking processes.” Further, he highlighted the fact that the previous president “ was good at raising the issue,” but now the group wanted someone who can, “actualize solutions.” ³⁵

The group’s search for a new president is currently ongoing, “with the aim completing that process by the year’s end.” In the interim, [Chairman Russell], the organization’s national staff and local branches will maintain day-to-day operations.”³⁶

Organizational Overview

According to a 2016 NAACP Advisors Manual, “the primary focus of the NAACP is the protection and enhancement of the civil rights of African Americans and other minorities.” Further the manual claims that the organization is comprised of more than 2,200 affiliates across all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Japan and Germany. Among this network of affiliates, the NAACP claims that its total membership, which is open to anyone believing in the tenets of the NAACP, is more than 500,000.³⁷

The manual also states that the “President and Chief Executive Officer of the NAACP is charged with implementing the basic policies set forth by the Board of Directors” and that the President and CEO is the official spokesperson for the Association.³⁸

The NAACP Headquarters and core staff members are located in Baltimore, Maryland and “the Association’s legislative arm, the Washington Bureau, is located in the District of Columbia.” ³⁹

Affiliated Nonprofits

The NAACP has two affiliated nonprofits, the 501(c)(3) NAACP Legal Defense Fund and the 501(c)(4) NAACP National Voter Fund.

Energy Policy

In 2018 the NAACP approved a resolution titled: “In Opposition to Nuclear and Fossil Fuel Technologies as Safe, Viable Alternatives to Renewable Energy.” The text of the resolution stated: “THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that, the NAACP stands in opposition to nuclear energy and attempts to avoid the much needed, inevitable energy transition by merely converting from one fossil fuel source to another…” ⁴⁰

Nuclear power plants produce no carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gas emissions, and as of 2021 accounted for 20 percent of American electricity production—the largest source of zero carbon electricity in the United States. ⁴¹ An October 2018 proposal from The Nature Conservancy noted that zero-carbon nuclear plants produced 7.8 percent of total world energy output and recommended reducing carbon emissions by increasing nuclear capacity to 33 percent of total world energy output. ⁴²

Political Activity Related Structure

According to a 2012 NAACP campaign guidance memo on “election year dos and don’ts”:

Although NAACP units are 501(c)(4) tax-exempt organizations, the national NAACP is a 501(c)(3) organization, which is restricted in how it can assist people in registering or getting out to vote. In addition, NAACP policy specifically prohibits units’ engagement in political campaign activity. This means that NAACP units cannot endorse or oppose candidates running for public office, make financial or in-kind contributions to candidates, political parties, or PACs, or engage in other activity that is designed or targeted to influence the outcome of any candidate election.⁴³

However, the prohibition against NAACP units being involved in political campaign activity does not mean that they have to sit out of the upcoming election. In fact, the NAACP can and does engage in a wide range of election-related activity without jeopardizing its tax-exempt status — from sponsoring voter registration drives and educating people about the issues to encouraging people to vote and giving them rides to the polls on Election Day — as long as the activity is nonpartisan.⁴⁴

2004 IRS Inquiry

According to the New York Times, the IRS’ letter to the NAACP, which stemmed from a notably anti-Bush speech by NAACP’s then-chairman, “reminded the association that tax-exempt organizations are legally barred from supporting or opposing any candidate for elective office.”⁴⁵

Ultimately, the IRS “ruled that the remarks did not violate the group’s tax-exempt status.”⁴⁶

Allegations of Voter Fraud

In 2011, a Mississippi member of the Tunica County NAACP Executive Committee was convicted “on 10 counts of fraudulently casting absentee ballots.”⁴⁷  Additionally, “a worker associated with the NAACP National Voter Fund in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, pleaded guilty to 10 felony counts for filing false voter registrations during the 2004 presidential election in exchange for crack cocaine.”⁴⁸

Finances

The NAACP’s 2015 Annual Report indicates that the NAACP and its affiliated organizations raised and spent approximately $29 million annually in 2014 & 2015, and had net assets of negative $500k in 2015. ⁴⁹

Budget Item	2015 Amount $	2014 Amount $
Total Support and Revenue $	$29,343,562	$28,806,135
Total Expenses $	$29,311,165	$29,465,984
Total Assets	$12,967,158	$12,726,925
Total Liabilities	$13,474,298	$11,822,370
Net Assets (End of Year)	-$507,140	$904,555

 

The following is the revenue breakdown for the NAACP and its affiliates in 2014 and 2015⁵⁰:

Support or Revenue Source	2015 Amount $	2015 % of Revenues	2014 Amount $
Grants, Contributions, Legacies, & Bequests	$17,441,413	59%	$13,834,577
Membership	$2,914,567	10%	$3,043,985
Convention	$2,774,839	9%	$2,110,367
Image Awards	$2,667,374	9%	$3,251,672
Legal	$4,500	0%	$3,919,089
Freedom Funds	$1,062,108	4%	$1,117,323
Other Revenues	$2,478,761	8%	$1,529,122
Total Support and Revenues	$29,343,562		$28,806,135

 

The NAACP and affiliated organizations expenses are broken down into two categories program services and support services. The support services budget in 2015 was approximately $7.5 million including $4.29 million in management expenses and $2.84 million in fundraising expenses.⁵¹

A review of the NAACP and affiliates program expenses indicates that the largest part of the group’s expense budget is $4.25 million in field operations, $3.2 million for convention, and $1.99 million for the Image Awards. The following is a full breakdown of the NAACP and affiliates’ 2014 and 2015 $22 million worth of program expenses. ⁵²

Program Services	2015	Program %	2014
Field Operations	$4,253,690	19.46%	$4,383,464
Convention	$3,200,725	14.65%	$3,192,130
Image Awards	$1,992,802	9.12%	$1,812,283
Membership Services	$1,773,674	8.12%	$1,933,984
Redistricting Project	$1,724,004	7.89%	$60,962
Economic Development	$1,523,507	6.97%	$2,428,733
ACT-SO	$1,164,388	5.33%	$981,527
Research and Policy	$1,033,312	4.73%	$1,038,400
Health	$931,616	4.26%	$817,715
Legal Programs and Fellows	$781,845	3.58%	$1,907,315
Cost of Sales- Crisis Magazine	$669,571	3.06%	$626,564
Civic Engagement	$563,706	2.58%	$369,690
Education	$541,780	2.48%	$718,849
Climate Justice	$493,682	2.26%	$302,869
Direct Issue Education	$420,862	1.93%	$546,485
Leadership 500 Summit	$412,270	1.89%	$512,650
Criminal Justice	$223,174	1.02%	$341,476
Human rights and Voting Rights	$149,484	0.68%	$441,148
Disaster Relief	$307	0.00%	$422
Total	$21,854,399		$22,416,666

Present Activities

Civic Engagement

According to the group’s former Chairman, the NAACP is “best known for registering and turning out large numbers of African-American voters.”⁵³

In 2016, the NAACP’s Civic Engagement plan focused on three aspects, recruiting volunteers, registering voters, and then GOTV activities.⁵⁴ The group sought to register 300,000 voters across 17 states, specifically the group sought to micro-target “marginal turnout AA [African American] precincts with the goal of increasing their turnout by 20 percent.” ⁵⁵

Components of the voter registration (VR) program included⁵⁶:

• Church Canvassing
• Door-To-Door And Site Based Neighborhood Canvassing
• 2016 State Voter Guides
• Website National Voter Registration Application
• Toll Free Hotline Number
• Phone Banking Call Centers
• Public Service Announcements
• Social Media Outreach
• VAN Based Technology Tools and Apps to Streamline the Program; and more.

Lobbying Activities

In total the NAACP has spent over $1.4 million on lobbying expenses since 2012. Additionally, the NAACP Legal Defense Fund (a distinct legal entity) has spent nearly $1.2 on lobbying expenses, with a variety of lobbyists.⁵⁷

Year	NAACP $ Amount	NAACP Legal Defense Fund $ Amount
2012	$250,000	$113,500
2013	$268,750	$244,677
2014	$275,000	$174,003
2015	$275,000	$251,049
2016	$275,000	$269,311
2017	$68,750	$120,000
Total	$1,412,500	$1,172,540

 

Together, the NAACP and the NAACP Legal Defense Fund have lobbied on 1,004 bills over the past four congresses, and a total 3,233 specific reports or issues. ⁵⁸

Congress	# Of Bills	# Of Reports & Specific Issues
112 (2011-2012)	184	645
113 (2013-2014)	394	1298
114 (2015-2016)	368	1232
115 (2017-2018)	58	58
Total	1,004	3233

 

The NAACP provides detailed portfolios of its legislative priorities for the 115th Congress and the 114^th Congress online.

Federal Judicial Confirmations

On February 4, 2019, the NAACP released its arguments against the confirmation of President Trump’s judicial nominee for the D.C. Court of Appeals, Neomi Rao. In the press release, the NAACP states that having Rao replace judge Brett Kavanaugh is, “going from bad to worse,” believing that she is unfit to serve judge at all because of her criticism towards affirmative action policies. In a more detailed report, the NAACP accuses Rao of “hostility to the rights of people of color” and called her a “date rape apologist” among other statements. ⁵⁹

Travel Advisory for The State of Florida

On May 20, 2023, the NAACP passed a travel advisory for the state of Florida. The advisory reads, “Florida is openly hostile toward African Americans, people of color and LGBTQ+ individuals. Before traveling to Florida, please understand that the state of Florida devalues and marginalizes the contributions of, and the challenges faced by African Americans and other communities of color.” ⁶⁰ NAACP board chair Leon Russell also commented, “Once again, hate-inspired state leaders have chosen to put politics over people. Governor Ron DeSantis and the state of Florida have engaged in a blatant war against principles of diversity and inclusion and rejected our shared identities to appeal to a dangerous, extremist minority.” ⁶¹

However, an article by the Washington Free Beacon cites Economic Policy Institute (EPI) date claiming that by the end of 2022, unemployment within African-American communities in the state were at 3.8%, while using the same date to report that unemployment rates for African-American communities stood at 6.8% nationally and at 7.5% for the state of California at the same period of time in 2022. ⁶² In addition, the article cites FBI data claiming that by 2021, “hate crime rate in Florida was 0.6 per 100,000 people, according to the FBI, and 3.1 per 100,000 people in California.” ⁶³ The article also claims that Florida state law enforcement, “recorded 127 hate crimes in 2020, compared with 1,537 in California and 466 in New York.” ⁶⁴ In addition, the same article cites data from a 2019 study by online science journal The Lancet which claims, “black mortality rate due to police violence was lower than California, Oregon, Colorado, Delaware, the District of Columbia, and others.” ⁶⁵

Funding

In 2015, the largest portion of NAACP revenues came from grants and other bequests, accounting for over $17.4 million or 59% of all NAACP and affiliates revenues.⁶⁶

The NAACP listed 61 corporate donors, 20 foundations, and 7 organizations that gave the NAACP and its affiliates at least $5,000. The following organizations gave over six-figure contributions to the NAACP and its affiliates.⁶⁷

$1 Million and Above

AT&T

Wells Fargo

Ford Foundation

$200,000-$999,999

Bank of America

JPMorgan Chase

United Parcel Service of America, Inc.
Hyundai Motor America

OCWEN Financial Corporation

McDonald’s Corporation

Walmart, Inc.

Federal Express Corporation

Eli Lilly and Company

TV ONE

The Atlantic Philanthropies, USA

W.K. Kellogg Foundation

The Coca Cola Foundation

The Open Society Institute

$100,000-$499,999

The Robert Wood Johnson

Foundation

The Marguerite Casey Foundation

Gilead Sciences, Inc.

Northwest Area Foundation

Ocwen Foundation

Walmart Foundation

Kresge Foundation

The Energy Foundation

Philip D. Murphy Foundation

$100,000-$199,999

Dunkin Brands

Comcast Corporation

State Farm Mutual Insurance Companies

UAW International Union – Solidarity

PepsiCo, Inc.

Ford Motor Company

General Motors Corporation

Nissan North America, Inc.

Southwest Airlines

UAW – GM Verizon

Leadership and People

NAACP’s recent Presidents have been⁶⁸

• Roy Wilkins, 1955-1977
• Benjamin L. Hooks, 1977-1992
• Benjamin F. Chavis (Muhammad), 1993-1994
• Kweisi Mfume (D-Maryland), 1996-2004
• Bruce Gordon, 2005-2007
• Ben Jealous, 2008-2013
• Rev. Cornell William Brooks 2013-May 2017⁶⁹

Over the years the NAACP’s Presidents have been occasionally beset by scandal. The progressive Center for American Progress noted, “Both Chavis—now known as Chavis Muhammad—and Mfume left the NAACP amid allegations of sexual misconduct and financial impropriety while serving at the organization’s Baltimore headquarters.” ⁷⁰

Additionally, the group’s President has clashed with the NAACP’s 64-member board of directors. ⁷¹ In 2007, former NAACP President Bruce Gordon abruptly resigned only 19 months after taking the job due to clashes with the group’s 64-member board “over management style and differing opinions over the organization’s mission.”⁷³

In May 2017, the NAACP’s board, said by the New York Times to have been “energized by liberal activists,” voted to dismiss the organization’s president, Cornell William Brooks, after only three years, pledging a “systemwide refresh.”⁷⁴

Currently, the group is in the process of searching for a new leader while Leon W. Russell, the chairman of the board, and Derrick Johnson, the vice chairman, head up day-to-day operations.

Leon Russell was elected Chairman of the NAACP Board of Directors in February 2017. Previously, he served as Vice Chair of the Board and has been a board member for over 27 years. He is also the former assistant secretary of the Board and the former Director of the Office of Human Rights for the Pinellas County Government from 1977-2012.⁷⁵

Derrick Johnson currently serves as Vice Chairman of the NAACP National Board of Directors. Before assuming his current roles, Mr. Johnson served as a Fellow with the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation in Washington, D.C. ⁷⁶

The NAACP’s current board of directors includes 64-members, the full listing of current membership is available here ⁷⁷.

NAACP’s senior staff includes:⁷⁸

• Claudia Withers, COO
• Samuel Gaillard, CFO
• Virgil Ecton, EVP, Philanthropy.
• Peter M. Williams, EVP, Programs.
• Hillary O. Shelton, Senior VP, Dir. of NAACP Washington Bureau
• Paula Brown-Edme, VP of Field Operations
• Andrea Brown Gee, VP of Strategic Partnerships

See Also

NAACP Group

NAACP Foundation

NAACP Voter Fund

NAACP 501(C)(4)

NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, Inc.

1. Brock, Roslyn; Brooks, Cornell W.; Green, Stephen A. “NAACP Youth and College Division: Advisor’s Manual.” NAACP. 2016. Accessed July 17, 2017. http://www.naacp.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Advisors-Manual-2016.pdf.
2. “Election Year Dos and DON’Ts.” NAACP. Last Updated March 26, 2012. Accessed July 17, 2017. http://action.naacp.org/page/-/Election%20Year%20DOs%20and%20DON%27Ts.pdf
3. Barkoukis, Leah. “Graham Accuses NAACP of Anti-GOP Bias at Sessions’ Confirmation Hearing.” Town Hall. Jan. 11, 2017. Accessed July 18, 2017. https://townhall.com/tipsheet/leahbarkoukis/2017/01/11/graham-accuses-naacp-of-antigop-bias-at-sessions-confirmation-hearing-n2270072.
4. Janofsky, Michael. “Citing July Speech, I.R.S. Decides to Review N.A.A.C.P.” The New York Times. Oct. 29, 2004. Accessed July 17, 2017. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/29/politics/citing-july-speech-irs-decides-to-review-naacp.html.
5. “NAACP 2015 Annual Report.” NAACP. 2015. Accessed July 18, 2017. http://action.naacp.org/page/-/annual%20reports/NAACP2015AnnualReport.pdf.
6. “NAACP 2015 Annual Report.” NAACP. 2015. Accessed July 18, 2017. http://action.naacp.org/page/-/annual%20reports/NAACP2015AnnualReport.pdf.
7. Florido, Adrian. “In The Age Of #BlackLivesMatter, The NAACP Tries To Reach A Younger Generation.” NPR. July 15, 2015. Accessed July 18, 2017.  http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/07/15/423188063/youth-activists-criticize-naacp-for-falling-behind-the-times.
8. Harris-Perry, Melissa. “Opinion: How to Save the N.A.A.C.P. From Irrelevance.” The New York Times. May 30, 2017. Accessed July 18, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/30/opinion/melissa-harris-perry-naacp.html?_r=0.
9. Ross, Janell. “NAACP chief promises more civil disobedience against Trump nominees.” The Washington Post. Jan. 7, 2017. Accessed July 18, 2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/naacp-chief-promises-more-civil-disobedience-against-trump-nominees/2017/01/07/8b528a50-d2b9-11e6-aa0c-f196d8ef0650_story.html?utm_term=.50c1db6a2114.
10. Ross, Janell. “NAACP president Brooks ousted in board vote.” The Chicago Tribune. May 19, 2017. Accessed July 17, 2017.

    http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-naacp-president-ousted-20170519-story.html.

11. Ross, Janell. “NAACP president Brooks ousted in board vote.” The Chicago Tribune. May 19, 2017. Accessed July 17, 2017. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-naacp-president-ousted-20170519-story.html.
12. Tepper, John. “NAACP, Happy 100th Birthday.” Huffington Post Blog, February 12, 2009. Accessed July 17, 2017. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-tepper-marlin/naacp-happy-100th-birthda_b_166264.html
13. Tepper, John. “NAACP, Happy 100th Birthday.” Huffington Post Blog, February 12, 2009. Accessed July 17, 2017. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-tepper-marlin/naacp-happy-100th-birthda_b_166264.html
14. Estrada, Josue. “Mapping NAACP chapters 1912-1977.” The IWW History Project at the University of Washington. Undated. Accessed July 17, 2017. http://depts.washington.edu/moves/NAACP_map-basic.shtml.
15. “NAACP: A Century in the Fight for Freedom.” U.S. Library of Congress. Undated. Accessed July 31, 2017. https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/naacp/the-civil-rights-era.html.
16. Dreier, Peter. “The Man Behind the March: Remembering Bayard Rustin.” Huffington Post, Aug. 8, 2012. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-dreier/bayard-rustin_b_1580355.html .
17. Peterson, Rev. Jesse Lee, “Scam: How the Black Leadership Exploits Black America.” Nelson Current. Nashville, TN. 2003. Accessed July 31, 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=29AGhjOGpNwC&pg=PA134&lpg=PA134&dq=%22NAACP%22+and+%22leftist%22&source=bl&ots=wXiP1sNJ-g&sig=HBA3kWUs6L6XXahCTT_dq4Y21t0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjj8uikgbXVAhUDxCYKHSQBBYw4ChDoAQgqMAE#v=onepage&q=%22NAACP%22%20and%20%22leftist%22&f=false.
18. Marable, Manning. “Beyond Black and White: From Civil Rights to Barack Obama.” Verso Books. Brooklyn, NY. 2016. Accessed July 31, 2017. https://books.google.com/books?id=hh-cCwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false.
19. Zongker, Brett. “Outgoing NAACP leader credited with boosting group.” The San Diego Union Tribune. Sept. 9, 2013. Accessed July 31, 2017. http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-outgoing-naacp-leader-credited-with-boosting-group-2013sep09-story.html. 
20. Anft, Michael. “Benjamin Jealous Leaves the NAACP a Far Stronger Place.” The Chronicle of Philanthropy. Sept. 8, 2013. Accessed July 17, 2017. https://www.philanthropy.com/article/Benjamin-Jealous-Leaves-a/154431. 
21. Anft, Michael. “Benjamin Jealous Leaves the NAACP a Far Stronger Place.” The Chronicle of Philanthropy. September 8, 2013. Accessed July 17, 2017. https://www.philanthropy.com/article/Benjamin-Jealous-Leaves-a/154431
22. Harris-Perry, Melissa. “Opinion: How to Save the N.A.A.C.P. From Irrelevance.” The New York Times. May 30, 2017. Accessed July 18, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/30/opinion/melissa-harris-perry-naacp.html?_r=0.
23. Florido, Adrian. “In The Age Of #BlackLivesMatter, The NAACP Tries To Reach A Younger Generation.” NPR. July 15, 2015. Accessed July 18, 2017.  http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/07/15/423188063/youth-activists-criticize-naacp-for-falling-behind-the-times.
24. Harris-Perry, Melissa. “Opinion: How to Save the N.A.A.C.P. From Irrelevance.” The New York Times. May 30, 2017. Accessed July 18, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/30/opinion/melissa-harris-perry-naacp.html?_r=0.
25. Ross, Janell. “NAACP chief promises more civil disobedience against Trump nominees.” The Washington Post. Jan. 7, 2017. Accessed July 18, 2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/naacp-chief-promises-more-civil-disobedience-against-trump-nominees/2017/01/07/8b528a50-d2b9-11e6-aa0c-f196d8ef0650_story.html?utm_term=.50c1db6a2114.
26. NAACP Press Release. “NAACP Formally Opposes Price, Pudzer Nominations.” NAACP. Feb. 1, 2017. Accessed July  18, 2017. http://www.naacp.org/latest/naacp-formally-opposes-price-pudzer-nominations/.
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28. Croft, Jay. “Arrests end NAACP sit-in at Jeff Sessions’ office.” CNN. Jan. 4, 2017. Accessed July 18, 2017. http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/03/politics/jeff-sessions-naacp-protest-alabama/index.html.
29. Barkoukis, Leah. “Flashback: NAACP Gave ‘Racist’ Jeff Sessions Governmental Award of Excellence In 2009.” Town Hall. Feb. 8, 2017. Accessed July 18, 2017. https://townhall.com/tipsheet/leahbarkoukis/2017/02/08/naacp-gave-racist-jeff-sessions-award-for-excellence-in-2009-n2283209.
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