Other Group

Occupy Wall Street

Combination of October 2011 global protests (link) by Authors of the files (by the same order of the files): Roland zh، Lutz، Crispin Semmens، Justinform، Biella "Gabriella" Coleman، David Shankbone. (Combined by Abbad). is licensed CC BY-SA 3.0 (link)
Website:

www.occupywallst.org

Formation:

July 2011 in New York, NY

Founders:

Kalle Lasn

Micah White

Contact InfluenceWatch with suggested edits or tips for additional profiles.

Occupy Wall Street (OWS) was a protest demonstration that took place in lower Manhattan, from September 17 through November 15, 2011.1 The New York “occupation,” centered on Zuccotti Park, sparked imitator demonstrations by left-wing protesters worldwide. The protest was originally conceived by the staff at the far-left Canadian magazine Adbusters2 and was promoted by far- and extreme-left activist groups including Anonymous,3 New Yorkers Against Budget Cuts,4 and U.S. Day of Rage.5

The OWS protest was the first occupation-style protest to receive major publicity, 6 in large part due to media coverage of violent clashes between protesters and New York City police.7 Due to this widespread publicity, the OWS protest inspired hundreds of occupation-style protests around the world8 and came to be supported by a number of liberal Democratic politicians, 9 political organizations,10 labor unions,11 and left-wing figures such as Michael Moore and Julian Assange.12 President Barack Obama extended his implicit support for the protest, while left-wing U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders (I-Vermont) and future U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren (D-Massachusetts) were ardent supporters.13 Warren claimed credit for helping to create the protest’s intellectual foundations.14

OWS failed to devise a singular political mission.15 OWS co-creator Micah White labeled OWS a “constructive failure” for this reason.16 OWS has been credited with inspiring the rise of numerous other left-of-center protest movements, including Black Lives Matter, the national anthem protests by NFL players, the left-wing populist presidential campaign of Bernie Sanders,17 and the Service Employees International Union’s “Fight for $15” campaign.18

In total there were 2,644 Occupy-related arrests in New York in 2011, which resulted in 409 guilty pleas or convictions. 19 The New York City Police Department was forced to spend $7 million on overtime related to the protests20 and dozens of workers lost their jobs as a result of local economic disruptions caused by the Occupy protest.21

New York Occupation

Kalle Lasn and Micah White of the Canadian-based group Adbusters Media Foundation derived the idea behind the occupation protest. In July 2011 they published a call to action through their far-left “anti-consumerist” magazine Adbusters,22 which called for 20,000 people to “flood into lower Manhattan” on September 17, 2017 and  “occupy Wall Street for a few months” demanding “democracy not corporatocracy.”23

The Occupy protest call to action was supported by a number of radical and left-leaning organizations. The group New Yorkers Against Budget Cuts, which had previously organized a New York occupation-style action, called “Bloombergville,” provided on-the-ground support and organizing.24 The amorphous “hacktivist” entity known as Anonymous pledged to provide digital support for the effort, amplifying the Adbusters protest call across Twitter, YouTube, and across other digital communication platforms.25

Major OWS Events

From September through November 2011 the OWS “occupation” protest was marked by numerous highly publicized events, violent clashes with New York City police, thousands of arrests, union-supported mass actions, and political clashes with New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg (I).26

  • September 17, 2011: About 700 protesters march to Zuccotti Park, a privately owned park on Liberty Street in lower Manhattan, and set up an encampment.27
  • September 24: About 80 protestors are arrested for charges including disorderly conduct and resisting arrest. At least one demonstrator was charged with assaulting a police officer.28
  • September 25: Anonymous uploads a video around 4:30 pm on this day, threatening the New York City Police Department on behalf of the OWS protesters.29
  • September 28: The Transport Workers Union of America (TWU) Local 100 becomes the first labor union to officially support OWS.30
  • October 1: nearly 700 protesters are arrested on the Brooklyn Bridge for ignoring police and protesting outside of the bridge’s pedestrian walkways in traffic lanes.31 Occupy Wall Street protesters later sued the New York City Police Department over these arrests, but a federal appeals court dismissed the case in favor of the police because “there was no evidence the protesters had been authorized to block traffic and create a public disturbance.”32
  • October 5: A large crowd estimated as containing 5,000 to 20,000 demonstrators march toward New York City Hall. At least 39 labor unions and activist groups including org, the Coalition for the Homeless, the United Federation Teachers (UFT), United Auto Workers (UAW), United Healthcare Workers (UHW) and Public Employees Union DC37 join the march.33
  • October 16: President Barack Obama issues a statement saying Obama is fighting for the “interests of 99 percent of Americans,” echoing an OWS talking point.34
  • October 24: Liberal stalwart Elizabeth Warren takes some credit for the OWS movement, telling Newsweek that she “created much of the intellectual foundation for what [the protesters] do.”35
  • November 15: Mayor Michael Bloomberg orders the removal of protesters from Zuccotti Park for cleaning, citing intolerable “health and safety conditions” and that “the protesters were encroaching on the rights of the park’s owners.” Police arrested nearly 200 individuals during the eviction process. A judge sided with the Mayor, finding that that the park’s owner should be able to keep the park “hygienic, safe, and lawful” despite the protesters’ free-speech objections.36

In total there were 2,644 Occupy-related arrests in New York in 2011, which resulted in 409 guilty pleas or convictions. Conversely, the city paid $1.5 million to settle 80 lawsuits.37 Additionally, the New York City Police Department spent $7 million in overtime related to the protests38 while the city was already facing a $2 billion budget deficit.39 Meanwhile, local New York businesses were forced to fire dozens of employees as a direct result of the Occupy protest.40

Occupy Movement

The OWS protests in New York were the first Occupy-styled protest to gain widespread attention and served as the inspiration41 for hundreds of similar protests in cites in America42 and around the world.43

A U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations report described the genesis of the OWS inspired “Occupy” protests:

“A loose affiliation of organizations using the word ‘Occupy’ in their names began forming across the country in late 2011. The groups were generally viewed as liberal or progressive organizations.”44

As of November 11, 2014 the Guardian listed at least 750 verified Occupy Movement events that were in part inspired by the Occupy Wall Street protest.45

OWS’s slogan, “We are the 99 percent” was touted by many of the groups worldwide during their protests.46

According to the New York Post, Occupy movement protests in 18 cities across America cost taxpayers a total of $13 million.47

Left-of-Center Complaints

Occupy Wall Street was originally created with the idea that it would focus on a specific list of left-wing demands.48 However, as the protests unfolded the focus of the occupation centered instead on a general anger toward major businesses, especially banks and financial institutions. 49

The protests popularized the slogan “99 percent,” as a criticism of the perceived economic inequality in America.50

The protesters issued a “Declaration of Occupation,” which was described as “more a world view than a list of demands” bemoaning corporate influence and “economic power” in American democracy.51

The declaration contained a wide-ranging list of left-of-center “grievances” blaming business influence for most of society’s ills.52 It complained that corporations had perpetuated sexist, racial, and gender-based discriminatory policies. The list also bemoaned policies opposing government-mandated health insurance and labor union privileges, and supporting domestic energy production. The list of grievances also touted a number of left-wing corporate food production, public welfare, and military-based conspiracy theories.53

OWS was criticized for lacking a set of core objectives that would allow it to turn its activists’ wide-ranging left-wing complaints into actionable legislative items or a sustained political upheaval.54

Current Operations

OWS co-creator Micah White continues to operate the website OccupyWallStreet.org, which was created by White and his colleague Kalle Lasn for Adbusters in the lead up to the protest.55 The website is currently operated by The Occupy Solidarity Network, Inc. (OSN) a group which claims to be a New York 501(c)(4) non-profit.56

On the website White frequently argues that the OWS protests were “a constructive failure because […] it revealed the limitations of contemporary activism.”57

White continues to use the website to push for new, leftist movements, in July 2016 he used the website to support #OccupyDNC, a Democratic National Convention walkout protest in support of presidential candidate Bernie Sanders against the eventual Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton.58

White uses the website to support the activities of the Black Lives Matter movement and what he labels “Occupy Black Lives.”59 However, White urges the Black Lives Matter protesters to learn from the failures of OWS60 to channel their disruptive actions into political activity that will put in place left-of-center leaders in government.61

The OWS website has an “action” link that connects (through a secondary source) interested activists with a wide array of left-leaning protest organizations, and which provides activists with other resources to carry out protest actions in their communities.62

The OWS website also includes a statement in support of safe occupy spaces for women and LGBT protesters co-signed by more than 50 far-left groups. The statement proclaims, “It’s no secret that the Wall Street 1% who wrecked our economy are disproportionately straight and male.” Among the organizations signing the statement with OccupyWallSt.org are organizations such as Radical Feminists, Code Pink, Tampa Anarchist Collective, and Occupy Patriarchy.63

Offshoots

The Occupy movement inspired by OWS “tried repeatedly to resurrect the movement after the main bastions in Oakland and New York City were evicted in November 2011. But it never regained its footing.”64

However, OWS has been credited with helping to foment a variety of longer lasting left-leaning political organizations and movements, including a national May Day general strike, protests against a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) summit in Chicago,65 U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders’ presidential candidacy,66 protests by NFL players during the national anthem, and the Black Lives Matter movement.67

Left-wing writer Arun Gupta has argued that though there is “no direct line” between OWS and Black Lives Matter, “Black Lives Matter is the true heir to Occupy because it uses militant protest, digital media, and fluid and opaque leadership structures to challenge state power.”68

OWS was credited with helping Democrats to focus their messaging on perceived income inequality and a push for a minimum wage increase.69 Similarly Gupta noted that OWS’ “use of direct action for wealth redistribution and against state power has been explicitly adopted by today’s immigrant-rights, low-wage worker, and climate-justice movements.”70 Gupta also noted that the “SEIU-backed ‘Fight for $15’” minimum wage campaign “first seized the issue of income inequality in November 2012, just as Occupy had faded.” 71

OWS activists formed a number of subsequent organizations focused on similar anti-corporate goals.

OWS activists formed the group Occupy the SEC, which in 2014 helped successfully push for a Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulatory rule that prohibited certain investment banking practices. 72 SEC regulators drafting the “Volcker rule” restricting certain investments by banks referred “about 280 times to Occupy the SEC’s comments in footnotes.” 73

Other OWS offshoots, Rolling Jubilee and Debt Collective encouraged the use of “strike debt” activism whereby protesters would incur debt and then refuse to pay it as “a form of political protest.”74

OWS activists also created Occupy Sandy to provide relief assistance after Hurricane Sandy,75 and Occupy University, a free education resource that uses OWS styled organizing tactics such as the “progressive stack,” “to offer anti-institutional modes of learning.”76

Left-of-Center Supporters

OWS was supported by a number of radical leftist groups, labor unions, liberal celebrities, and Democratic politicians.

At least some of OWS individual protesters were members of left-wing extremist groups such as Antifa.77 The leftist organization U.S. Day of Rage was an early supporter of OWS and helped to promote and plan the occupation protest.78 International fugitive Julian Assange was an enthusiastic early supporter of the Occupy movement,79 and in October 2011 he personally addressed an Occupy protest in London, England.80 Assange subsequently and apparently falsely claimed credit for planning the Arab spring and OWS protests.81

OWS was supported by many large labor unions. The United Federation of Teachers (UFT) and the Transport Workers Union (TWU) Local 100 pledged “solidarity” with the protest.82 The United Steelworkers and the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) union supported the effort.83 A number of other unions including the United Auto Workers (UAW), United Healthcare Workers (UHW) and Public Employees Union (PEU) District Council 37 participated in an OWS-organized protest march.84

Similarly, “Liberal groups such as MoveOn.org and Democracy for America gave their blessings” to the OWS protest and raised money to support the initiative.85

Numerous liberal celebrities, including Susan Sarandon, Michael Moore, Cornel West attended the OWS protests and spoke to OWS protesters. Similarly, left-wing academic Noam Chomsky announced his support for OWS.86

A number of major Democratic politicians expressed their support for the principles embodied by the OWS protest. President Barack Obama issued a statement that said the OWS protesters embodied “a broad based frustration” against corporate America,87 which was interpreted as a statement of support for the protest.88

U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders issued a “full-throated” statement of support for the movement saying, “We have the crooks on Wall Street […] and we will be damned if we’re going to see a handful of robber barons control the future of this country.”89  The then-co-chairs of the Congressional Progressive Caucus issued a statement celebrating the OWS protest, and a number of other Democratic members of Congress including, Reps. Keith Ellison (D-Minnestota), Raul Grijalva (D-Arizona), Barbara Lee (D-California), and Dennis Kucinich (D-Ohio) also issued statements in support of the protests.90

In October 2011, future U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren (D-Massachusetts) said that she supported the OWS protests, claiming credit for creating “much of the intellectual foundation for what they do.”91

Funding

In total OWS raised just over $700,000 during a six month-period ending January 2012. By January 2012 the protest had only $170,000 left, voted to cease funding for any new projects and was expected to “go broke” by March 2012.92

OWS received financial support from a number of prominent leftists, including hundreds of thousands raised by the owners of Ben and Jerry’s Ice Cream, former Nirvana manager Danny Goldberg, television producer and People for the American Way founder Norman Lear, and millionaire Terri Gardner.93

The group was criticized for its excessive spending habits. In total the OWS protesters spent $45,000 on Metrocards, $9,900 on legal expenses, $6,000 on tea and herb, $7,196 on laundry, $200 on tobacco and rolling papers, and “$3,000 to make puppets.”94

The controversial leftist organization, Alliance for Global Justice, accepted tax-deductible contributions on behalf of OWS95 and managed OWS’s finances.96 The union-owned Amalgamated Bank held OWS’s funds.97

References

  1. The Week Staff. “Occupy Wall Street: A protest timeline.” The Week. December 21, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://theweek.com/articles/481160/occupy-wall-street-protest-timeline
  2. The Week Staff. “Occupy Wall Street: A protest timeline.” The Week. December 21, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://theweek.com/articles/481160/occupy-wall-street-protest-timeline
  3. Captain, Sean. “The Real Role Of Anonymous In Occupy Wall Street.” Fast Company. October 18, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://www.fastcompany.com/1788397/real-role-anonymous-occupy-wall-street
  4. Schwartz, Mattathias. “Pre-Occupied.” The New Yorker. November 28, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/11/28/pre-occupied
  5. Schneider, Nathan. “From Occupy Wall Street to Occupy Everywhere.” The Nation. October 12, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://www.thenation.com/article/occupy-wall-street-occupy-everywhere/
  6. Voigt, Ken. “Beyond Wall Street: ‘Occupy’ protests go global CNN.” October 7, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/07/business/wall-street-protest-global
  7. The Week Staff. “Occupy Wall Street: A protest timeline.” The Week. November 21, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. http://theweek.com/articles/481160/occupy-wall-street-protest-timeline
  8. Rogers, Simon. “Occupy protests around the world: full list visualized.” The Guardian. November 14, 2011 Accessed March 30, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/oct/17/occupy-protests-world-list-map?newsfeed=true
  9. Estes, Adam. “Look at All the Famous People Supporting Occupy Wall Street.” The Atlantic. September 28, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2011/09/look-all-famous-people-supporting-occupy-wall-street/337375/
  10. Nichols, John. “The Politics of Occupy Wall Street: Bernie Sanders, Progressives, Big Unions Endorse; Obama’s Silent.” The Nation. October 5, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20150820193205/https://www.thenation.com/article/politics-occupy-wall-street-bernie-sanders-progressives-big-unions-endorse-obamas-silent/
  11. Boyle, Christina. “Occupy Wall Street protests: Police make arrests, use pepper spray as some activists storm barricade.” N.Y. Daily News. October 6, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/occupy-wall-street-protests-police-arrests-pepper-spray-activists-storm-barricade-article-1.961645
  12. Dorling, Philip. “Assange can still Occupy centre stage.” Sydney Morning Herald. October 29, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://www.smh.com.au/technology/assange-can-still-occupy-centre-stage-20111028-1mo8x.html
  13. Nichols, John. “The Politics of Occupy Wall Street: Bernie Sanders, Progressives, Big Unions Endorse; Obama’s Silent.” The Nation. October 5, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20150820193205/https://www.thenation.com/article/politics-occupy-wall-street-bernie-sanders-progressives-big-unions-endorse-obamas-silent/
  14. Miller, Zeke. “Elizabeth Warren: I Created ‘Occupy Wall Street’” Business Insider. October 25, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. http://www.businessinsider.com/elizabeth-warren-i-created-occupy-wall-street-2011-10
  15. Lacey, Marc. “Countless Grievances, One Thread: We’re Angry.” N.Y. Times. October 17, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20111020132723/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/18/us/the-occupy-movements-common-thread-is-anger.html
  16. White, Micah. “The End of Protest: A New Playbook for Revolution from the co-creator of Occupy Wall Street.” OccupyWallSt.org. August 27, 2016. Accessed March 30, 2018. http://occupywallst.org/
  17. Sanchez, Ray. “Occupy Wall Street: 5 years later.” CNN. September 16, 2016. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://www.cnn.com/2016/09/16/us/occupy-wall-street-protest-movements/index.html
  18. Gupta, Arun. “From Occupy Wall Street To Black Lives Matter: Where Does Radical Protest Go From Here?” Occupy.com. November 13, 2015. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://www.occupy.com/article/occupy-wall-street-black-lives-matter-where-does-radical-protest-go-here#sthash.NL5Af8af.dpbs
  19. Morrison, Aaron. “Occupy Wall Street Anniversary: Police Crackdown On Movement Cost New York $1.5 Million Over 4 Years.” International Business Times. September 17, 2015. Accessed March 30, 2018. http://www.ibtimes.com/occupy-wall-street-anniversary-police-crackdown-movement-cost-new-york-15-million-2102266
  20. Post Staff. “Occupy protests cost nation’s cities at least $13M.” N.Y. Post. November 23, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://nypost.com/2011/11/23/occupy-protests-cost-nations-cities-at-least-13m/
  21. Epstein, Mark. “Milk Street Cafe Owner Sacks 21 Employees As Consequence Of Occupy Wall Street Demonstration.” CBS New York. November 1, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2011/11/01/milk-street-cafe-owner-sacks-21-employees-as-consequence-of-occupy-wall-street-demonstration/
  22. The Week Staff. “Occupy Wall Street: A protest timeline.” The Week. Accessed March 30, 2018. December 21, 2011. https://theweek.com/articles/481160/occupy-wall-street-protest-timeline
  23. White, Micah and Lasne, Kalle. “#OCCUPYWALLSTREET: A shift in revolutionary tactics.” AdBusters. July 13, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20110717094726/http://www.adbusters.org/blogs/adbusters-blog/occupywallstreet.html
  24. Schwartz, Mattathias. “Pre-Occupied.” The New Yorker. November 28, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/11/28/pre-occupied
  25. Captain, Sean. “The Real Role Of Anonymous In Occupy Wall Street.” Fast Company. October 18, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://www.fastcompany.com/1788397/real-role-anonymous-occupy-wall-street
  26. The Week Staff. “Occupy Wall Street: A protest timeline.” The Week. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://theweek.com/articles/481160/occupy-wall-street-protest-timeline
  27. Captain, Sean. “The Real Role Of Anonymous In Occupy Wall Street.” Fast Company. October 18, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://www.fastcompany.com/1788397/real-role-anonymous-occupy-wall-street
  28. “80 Protesters Arrested At ‘Occupy Wall Street’ Protest.” MSNBC. September 24, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/44656667/ns/us_news-life/t/arrested-occupy-wall-street-protest/#.Wr5oy0pSzOQ
  29. Mathias, Christopher. “Anonymous Threatens NYPD After Alleged Police Brutality During #OccupyWallStreet Protests (VIDEO).” Huffington Post. September 27, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/27/anonymous-threatens-nypd-_n_983941.html
  30. Lopez, Linette. “A Massive Union Just Voted To Side With The Wall Street Protesters.” Business Insider. September 28, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. http://www.businessinsider.com/a-massive-union-just-voted-to-side-with-the-wall-street-protesters-2011-9
  31. Sanchez, Ray. “More than 700 arrested in Wall Street protest.” October 1, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-wallstreet-protests/more-than-700-arrested-in-wall-street-protest-idUSTRE7900BL20111002
  32. Brown, Tom. “New York court dismisses lawsuit over Occupy Wall Street arrests.” Reuters. February 24, 2015. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-occupywallstreet/new-york-court-dismisses-lawsuit-over-occupy-wall-street-arrests-idUSL1N0VY2DW20150224
  33. Boyle, Christina. “Occupy Wall Street protests: Police make arrests, use pepper spray as some activists storm barricade.” N.Y. Daily News. October 6, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/occupy-wall-street-protests-police-arrests-pepper-spray-activists-storm-barricade-article-1.961645
  34. Miller, Zeke. “White House Draws Closer To Occupy Wall Street, Says Obama Is Fighting For The Interests Of The 99%.” Business Insider. October 16, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. http://www.businessinsider.com/white-house-draws-closer-to-occupy-wall-street-says-obama-is-fighting-for-interests-of-the-99-2011-10
  35. The Week Staff. “Occupy Wall Street: A protest timeline.” The Week. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://theweek.com/articles/481160/occupy-wall-street-protest-timeline
  36. Swaine, Jon. “Occupy Wall Street: judge backs mayor Michael Bloomberg’s move to evict camp.” November 15, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/8892970/Occupy-Wall-Street-judge-backs-mayor-Michael-Bloombergs-move-to-evict-camp.html
  37. Morrison, Aaron. “Occupy Wall Street Anniversary: Police Crackdown On Movement Cost New York $1.5 Million Over 4 Years.” International Business Times. September 17, 2015. Accessed March 30, 2018. http://www.ibtimes.com/occupy-wall-street-anniversary-police-crackdown-movement-cost-new-york-15-million-2102266
  38. Post Staff. “Occupy protests cost nation’s cities at least $13M.” N.Y. Post. November 23, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://nypost.com/2011/11/23/occupy-protests-cost-nations-cities-at-least-13m/
  39. Barr, Meghan. “Wall Street protests boost police costs.” Houston Chronicle. October 10, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/nation-world/article/Wall-Street-protests-boost-police-costs-2212046.php
  40. Epstein, Mark. “Milk Street Cafe Owner Sacks 21 Employees As Consequence Of Occupy Wall Street Demonstration.” CBS New York. November 1, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2011/11/01/milk-street-cafe-owner-sacks-21-employees-as-consequence-of-occupy-wall-street-demonstration/
  41. Voigt, Ken. “Beyond Wall Street: ‘Occupy’ protests go global.” CNN.  October 7, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/07/business/wall-street-protest-global
  42. Voigt, Ken. “Beyond Wall Street: ‘Occupy’ protests go global.” CNN.  October 7, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/07/business/wall-street-protest-global
  43. Sanchez, Ray. “Occupy Wall Street: 5 years later.” CNN. September 16, 2016. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://www.cnn.com/2016/09/16/us/occupy-wall-street-protest-movements/index.html
  44. “IRS And TIGTA Management Failures Related To 501(C)(4) Applicants Engaged In Campaign Activity.” United States Senate Permanent Subcommittee On Investigations. Democrat Majority. September 5, 2014. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://www.hsgac.senate.gov/download/report_-irs-and-tigta-mgmt-failures-related-to-501c4-sept-5-2014
  45. Rogers, Simon. “Occupy protests around the world: full list visualized.” The Guardian. November 14, 2011 Accessed March 30, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/oct/17/occupy-protests-world-list-map?newsfeed=true
  46. Voigt, Ken. “Beyond Wall Street: ‘Occupy’ protests go global.” CNN.  October 7, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/07/business/wall-street-protest-global
  47. Post Staff. “Occupy protests cost nation’s cities at least $13M.” N.Y. Post. November 23, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://nypost.com/2011/11/23/occupy-protests-cost-nations-cities-at-least-13m/
  48. Schwartz, Mattathias. “Pre-Occupied.” The New Yorker. November 28, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/11/28/pre-occupied
  49. Lacey, Marc. “Countless Grievances, One Thread: We’re Angry.” N.Y. Times. October 17, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20111020132723/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/18/us/the-occupy-movements-common-thread-is-anger.html
  50. Boyle, Christina. “Occupy Wall Street protests: Police make arrests, use pepper spray as some activists storm barricade.” N.Y. Daily News. October 6, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/occupy-wall-street-protests-police-arrests-pepper-spray-activists-storm-barricade-article-1.961645
  51. Schwartz, Mattathias. “Pre-Occupied.” The New Yorker. November 28, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/11/28/pre-occupied
  52. Schwartz, Mattathias. “Pre-Occupied.” The New Yorker. November 28, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/11/28/pre-occupied
  53. OWS General Assembly. “Declaration of the Occupation of New York City.” Occupy Wall Street. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://archive.org/details/DeclarationOfTheOccupationOfNewYorkCity
  54. Indiviglio, Daniel. “5 Reasons Why ‘Occupy Wall Street’ Won’t Work.” The Atlantic. October 3, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2011/10/5-reasons-why-occupy-wall-street-wont-work/246041/
  55. Schwartz, Mattathias. “Pre-Occupied.” The New Yorker. November 28, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/11/28/pre-occupied
  56. “About: Occupy Wall Street.” OccupyWallSt.org. Undated. Accessed March 30, 2018. http://occupywallst.org/about/
  57. White, Micah. “Occupy Wall Street: The End of Protest: A New Playbook for Revolution from the co-creator of Occupy Wall Street.” August 27, 2016. OccupyWallSt.org. Accessed March 30, 2018. http://occupywallst.org/
  58. White, Micah. “Occupy Wall Street: #OccupyDNC Communiqué No. 1” July 27, 2016. Accessed March 30, 2018. http://occupywallst.org/
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Directors, Employees & Supporters

  1. Micah White
    Co-Creator
  2. Kalle Lasn
    Co-Creator
  3. Leah Hunt-Hendrix
    Supporter and Political Theorist
  4. Norman Lear
    Supporter and Funder

Associated Organizations

  1. 99% Spring (Other Group)
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