The Chinese Students and Scholars Association (CSSA) is an international network of academic membership groups that exist on the campuses of higher educational institutions. It is governed by the United Front Work Department of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and has allegedly pressured student and faculty members to intimidate and coerce persons suspected of dissenting from CCP views and party lines. ^{2 3 4}

It has been the subject of several government national security probes, and several prominent politicians, statesmen, and analysts have raised concerns about the group’s role in monitoring Chinese exchange students, spying on American institutions, and challenging free academic inquiry. ^{2 3 4 5 6 7}

Background

According to the U.S. Department of State, the Chinese Students and Scholars Association traces its origins to the late 1970s when the Chinese Communist Party first permitted its citizens to attend Western universities. The purpose of the Association was, according to the State Department, to “monitor Chinese students and mobilize them against views that dissent from the CCP’s stance.” ²

The CSSA and its individual chapters are overseen by the CCP’s United Front Work Department, a government agency that operates as “a worldwide network of party loyalists” and derives its name from a practice of the Bolshevik Party during the Russian Revolution. In 2016, the People’s Republic of China Ministry of Education released a mandate that “university and college students be instructed […] to ‘always follow the [CCP],” and that to achieve this result CCP officials must “build a multidimensional contact network linking home and abroad.” This network would understand “overseas students” as “a population to be mobilized in support of their country and connect through organizations like the […] [CSSA]s […] and the consulates.” ^{2 8 3 9 10}

In its official description for its U.S. operations, the CSSA describes itself as “the official organization” for Chinese students and scholars studying in universities overseas, aiming to help them navigate work, room and board, and their studies. It also purports to bring Chinese students together, act “as a bridge between the Chinese community and other communities,” and promote “Chinese culture.” Other pages on its U.S. webpage include “Study Abroad Application,” “Study Abroad Life,” “Overseas Returnees Seeking Employment,” and a link to the webpages for the Chinese embassy and consulate. ¹¹

As of February 2026, there were CSSA chapters on the campuses of at least 127 higher education institutions in the United States, according to the CSSA’s U.S. website. This was up from the 52 American chapters it had in 2015. However, in 2020, the  State Department claimed that there were 150 known American chapters. ^{11 12 2}

Harvard University’s chapter of the CSSA was founded in 1994. It claims to have become “one of the most influential student organizations on the East Coast in the U.S.” The chapter uses the Chinese internet messaging application WeChat to communicate with its members, which has been called a “trap” by Human Rights Watch for its record of serving as a tool of the CCP to surveil and censor Chinese citizens domestically and abroad. ^{13 14 15}

Activities

The Chinese Students and Scholars Association officially claims to advocate for the “rights and interests” of Chinese students and scholars and to promote “intellectual and cultural interactions” between Chinese academics and other organizations on international campuses. ¹³

In 2005, the British Sunday Telegraph newspaper reported that a “leading Chinese agent” in Belgium had “defected” as a whistleblower to the press, confessing that “hundreds” of Chinese spies had embedded themselves throughout European industries. That same year, French newspaper Le Monde reported that a CSSA chapter in Leuven, Belgium served as a front organization for the Chinese economic espionage network in the country. Additionally, that year, the BBC reported that Swedish law enforcement officials suspected Chinese guest researchers were stealing unpublished and unpatented research from a Swedish research institute. ¹⁶

A former U.S. intelligence official told POLITICO that, in the mid-2000s in the American Midwest, a CSSA student member caught wind of another student member being in contact with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and subsequently informed an undercover agent of China’s Ministry of State Security (MSS) operating in Chicago, Illinois about the matter. ¹⁷

Another former U.S. intelligence official told POLITICO that, in the mid-2010s, U.S. counterintelligence officials suspected that a member of the University of California, Berkeley CSSA chapter was informing the MSS about the activities of other Chinese students. ¹⁷

In 2016, the FBI released a report that claimed CSSA chapters often act as nodes of the CCP, that they “can be co-opted into foreign government appendages” to monitor and intimidate Chinese students, and that they endeavor to manage international perceptions of Chinese foreign policy. ^{3 18}

In 2017, the president of the CSSA in Egypt, Bai Kecheng, was reported to have interrogated two Uyghur students about their religious practices along with three other Chinese men. This followed a mass arrest of more than 200 Uyghur students in Cairo by Chinese security officers and Egyptian law enforcement officers at the request of the Chinese government. ^{19 20 21}

In 2017, University of California, San Diego chancellor Pradeep Khosla announced that the 14th Dalai Lama would be speaking at the upcoming marquee commencement. Within hours, the post on Facebook received highly negative comments, such as, “Imagine how Americans would feel if someone invited Bin Laden.” The school’s CSSA chapter was discovered to be behind the criticism, and the chapter pronounced that it would seek “tough measures to resolutely resist the school’s unreasonable behavior” in inviting the Dalai Lama, as Chinese foreign policy considers him to be a proponent of Tibetan independence. The chapter admitted it had sought counsel from the Chinese Consulate in Los Angeles on the issue. ²²

In 2018, it was reported that the CSSA chapter of the University of Tennessee had requirements that its members “fervently love the motherland” and “protect the motherland’s honor and image.” Additionally, students from Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan seeking membership were required to “support [China’s] national reunification
and “recognize the ‘One China’ principle” in reference to the CCP’s official foreign policy regarding the aforementioned places. ⁴

In November 2020, the CSSA chapter at Brandeis University coordinated a campaign through WeChat to attempt to shut down an event hosted by human rights activist Rayhan Asat on the genocide of Uyghurs by the Chinese Communist Party regime. While the CSSA members tried to prevent the event from occurring, they were unsuccessful, but the event experienced a “coordinated disruption” or “Zoombomb” carried out by CSSA members, according to panelist Jim Millward, a professor of Georgetown University. ^{23 24 25}

In 2020, a Chinese exchange student studying at Purdue University’s graduate school posted an open letter online celebrating the heroism of students who were killed in the Tiananmen massacre of 1989. Shortly after, he received a phone call from his parents who were crying. They told him that the Chinese intelligence officers of the Ministry of State Security (MSS) notified them about his activism: “They told us to make you stop or we are all in trouble.” Other Chinese students began harassing him, accusing him of being a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) agent and threatening to report him to the Chinese Embassy and the MSS. The student then participated in a rehearsal for an online commemoration of the Tiananmen anniversary, for which his parents received another visit from the MSS. “I think some of the Chinese students in my school are CCP members. I can tell they are not simply students. They could be spies or informants,” the student said. ²⁵

In 2023, the CSSA chapter of the University of Florida protested a law signed by Gov. Ron DeSantis (R) that placed limits on universities’ abilities to recruit students and faculty from China, preventing students from working in labs without government permission. That same year, a Chinese exchange student was informed that a federal prosecutor had informed her she was the subject of a grand jury investigation and that the Department of Justice (DOJ) was preparing criminal charges against her. She was implicated in allegations of an “illegal, multi-million dollar scheme” to order thousands of samples of “dangerous” drugs and toxins (some of which are known to cause whooping cough and others being “analytical samples” of cocaine, fentanyl, ketamine, MDMA, and other drugs) to a university lab and ship them to China over the course of seven years. As of May 2024, it was unclear if charges had been filed against the suspect or other co-conspirators. ⁷

In 2024, a CSSA member at Harvard’s Graduate School of Education physically removed a Taiwanese-American student for disrupting a speech from Chinese ambassador Xie Feng. Harvard placed the Taiwanese-American student on probation, but not the CSSA member. The university received criticism from the House Select Committee on the Chinese Communist Party for the move and launched a probe into the incident. ^{26 27 28}

Criticism

In an August 2018 report, the congressional U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission said that Chinese Students and Scholars Association chapters “frequently attempt to conceal” their “governmental ties,” including “guidance from the CCP through Chinese embassies and consulates.” It claimed that CSSA chapters “are active in carrying out overseas Chinese work consistent with Beijing’s United Front strategy,” citing a report from Foreign Policy. It also cited several different reports in claiming that CSSA chapters, in coordination with the Chinese government, have “been involved in the suppression of free speech and the harassment, intimidation, and surveillance of Chinese student activists.” Further, it cited a former U.S. intelligence official who claimed Chinese intelligence officers are in direct contact with CSSA members and that CSSA members have been reported to cooperate with Chinese security personnel on multiple occasions. ^{4 29}

During a speech delivered at Georgia Institute of Technology in December 2020, then-U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said the aim of the CSSA and other Chinese state groups on American campuses is not only to intimidate Chinese students, who in his characterization, “live in fear that their families back home will be arrested, will be interrogated, tortured—or worse—because of things they say in an American classroom,” but “to influence American students as well, professors and administrators too.” He further argued that the CCP knows “that left-leaning college campuses are rife with anti-Americanism, and present easy targets for their anti-American messaging,” and that this is why the CSSA holds a presence in America. He claimed that CSSA chapters are “directed and almost always funded by the Chinese Embassy or a local Chinese consulate” and that the CSSA’s purpose is “to keep tabs on students and to press pro-Beijing causes.” ⁵

In 2020, the State Department released a memo regarding the presence of the CCP on American campuses, articulating its conviction that the CCP “entices or compels some individuals to engage in coercive, deceptive, or illegal activity” through groups like the Confucius Institute and the CSSA, and that they “threaten academic freedom, misuse access to world-class institutions, and seize research to enhance the PRC military.” In addition to “monitor[ing]” Chinese students at Western institutions and encouraging them to challenge ideas “that dissent from the CCP’s stance,” the Department claimed the CSSA represents “the PRC’s ongoing and increasing efforts to suppress open inquiry on foreign campuses.” It said there were documented instances of PRC diplomatic posts, which it claimed provide funding to the CSSA, directing chapter members to “disrupt lectures or events that question CCP ideology or views.” ²

The State Department memo went on to criticize the CSSA for limiting membership to Chinese citizens, which it claimed was “a violation of the principle that student organizations not discriminate based on nationality,” and for “inhibit[ing] debate and interactions with non-Chinese peers.” ²

Jennifer Richmond of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies has speculated that the CSSA picked up where the Confucius Institute left off as the premier form of Chinese government influence and espionage on American campuses after the latter was largely dismantled by a series of actions from the American government. ^{6 30 31}

This characterization was echoed by a group of Republican U.S. Senators in a letter sent to the Department of Justice in 2023, who wrote, “With the closure of many Confucius Institutes, the CCP is relying on other actors, including CSSAs, to influence U.S. academic institutions.” It called for a greater response from the U.S. federal government. ³

Financials for U.S. Chapters

Major Chapters

In 2024, the Chinese Students and Scholars Association at University of California (UC) San Diego reported total revenues of $123,268 (100 percent of which derived from contributions and grants), total expenses of $99,601, and net assets of $24,067. Its activities included the pre-arrival orientations for incoming Chinese nationals enrolled at the university and cultural programs to strengthen a sense of community among Chinese students. Its accounting was completed by Meiyi May Chen of M.A.Y. Consulting PLLC, an accounting firm specializing in tax-exempt organizations based in Washington state. M.A.Y. Consulting’s leading tax attorney and tax planning advisor, Harry Yang, previously represented “large Chinese multinationals” before U.S. courts and designed international tax structures at Hood Law Group. ^{32 33 34}

In 2024, the CSSA at University of Wisconsin Madison reported revenues of $61,688 (nearly 100 percent of which derived from contributions and grants), total expenses of $46,760, and net assets of $48,430. ³⁵

In 2024, the CSSA at UC Santa Barbara reported revenues of $39,111 (a majority of which derived from contributions and grants), total expenses of $58,749, and net assets of $25,224. It stated that it holds annual events in Shanghai and Beijing to welcome Chinese students preparing to study in the United States. Its accounting was also handled by M.A.Y. Consulting. ^{36 37}

In 2024, the CSSA at Harvard University’s Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (GSAS) reported revenues of $42,491 (100 percent of which derived from contributions and grants), total expenses of $13,685, and net assets of $368,459. Its accounting was handled by Accurate Accounting Associates, a CPA firm based in Wellesley, Massachusetts that has Chinese translations of its programs on its website and has a featured page for “Foreign Students.” ^{38 39}

In 2024, US Southwestern CSSA, which is based in San Diego, California and does not appear to be affiliated with any particular school, reported revenues of $35,825, total expenses of $21,302, and net assets of $47,092. Its accounting was handled by CLC LLP, a CPA firm in Diamond Bar, California. It lacks a website, but its profiles on social media websites contain Chinese translations on its logo and in its promotional materials. ^{40 41 42}

Other Chapters

Other CSSA chapters that have Internal Revenue Service (IRS) registration but had not filed public tax returns as of early 2026 included University of Chicago CSSA; CSSA At University of California, Riverside (UCR); CSSA At Gainesville, Florida (presumably for the University of Florida); Duke University CSSA; Minnesota CSSA in Saint Paul, Minnesota; and University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) CSSA. ⁴³

Known CSSA chapters in the United States that did not have IRS registration as of early 2026 included chapters at Yale University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Princeton University, University of Pennsylvania, Brown University, Stanford University, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), New York University (NYU), University of Connecticut, University of Delaware, Emory University, University of Notre Dame, Tulane University, Louisiana State University, Boston College, Boston University, New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Tufts University, Brandeis University, Northwestern University, University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB), Rutgers University, The New School, Stevens Institute of Technology, Georgetown University, University of Michigan, the College of William and Mary, Carnegie Mellon University, Johns Hopkins University, University of Miami, Indiana University Bloomington, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Pratt Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Bentley University, Pasadena City College, DePaul University, University of Alabama, Arizona State University, among many others. ^{11 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64}

The Queen Mary University of London, England has a CSSA chapter. ⁶⁵

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