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British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)

Website:

www.bbc.co.uk/
Type:

Broadcast Corporation
Founded:

1922
Director-General:

Tim Davie
Headquarters:

Portland Place
Location:

London, England

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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a state-funded media organization formed in 1927 under a Royal Charter in the United Kingdom. The organization receives most of its money through television license fees, which every UK household must pay if that household watches or records live television, or if it uses the BBC iPlayer, the organization’s streaming service, on a television, computer, mobile phone, tablet, games console, or DVD recorder. 1

The BBC, alongside its charity BBC Media Action, has also received money from private grantmaking foundations including the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. 2

Conservatives have alleged the BBC has a left-of-center bias. According to The Times, the BBC was accused of “failing in its duty of impartiality and promoting an institutional pro-European Union bias” in a report that the BBC itself commissioned. The report, written by an independent panel of pro-EU and anti-EU participants, stated that the BBC showed “certain forms of cultural and unintentional bias,” relating to its reporting on the Brexit referendum in which citizens of the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union. 3

The BBC has also been mired in controversy, especially relating to the part it played in allegedly enabling serial sexual abuser Jimmy Savile, a BBC personality who allegedly abused approximately 500 women and children, the youngest being two years old, from the 1940s until 2009. 4 5 According to a third-party inquiry into the abuse, a total of 117 witnesses who had worked at the BBC stated that they were aware of rumors surrounding Savile’s sexual abuse, as well as abuses committed by another BBC broadcaster, Stuart Hall. 6

History

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), formerly known as the British Broadcasting Company, is a United Kingdom-based state-funded media organization formed in 1927 in London, England. It is listed as a public corporation of the U.K. government’s Department for Culture, Media, and Sport. 7 8

The British Broadcasting Company, which was formed by leading radio manufacturers in 1922, became the British Broadcasting Corporation in 1927 after it was formally established by a Royal Charter. Before the invention of television, the BBC solely created to radio programming. 9

The BBC became the first broadcaster in the world to provide a regular television service in 1936 and provided its first outdoor broadcast when it filmed the coronation of King George VI in 1937. 10

The organization saw changes in programming in the 1940s, with it stating on its website that it became a “fundamental source of propaganda news to the free world” during the decade. The first news program shown on television was “BBC Newsreel” which began in January 1948, and in the same year, the first live coverage of the Olympic Games was broadcast to approximately 100,000 households in the U.K. 11

Although reports of proceedings in the U.K. Parliament were common on the radio by 1949, the BBC attempted to televise a live parliamentary debate in 1950. The experiment was considered a success despite the public being unable to view the program. The organization provided live televised coverage of Queen Elizabeth II’s coronation in June 1953; the first time a coronation was seen live. It was watched by approximately 20 million people across Europe. 12

BBC Television Center, the first purpose-built television center in the world, was opened in June 1960. Although the BBC had been receiving images via satellite from the United States since 1962, it had not been possible to show live images from another country until 1967 when the BBC created Our World in which live contributions from other countries were broadcast for the first time. The organization launched its full-color television service in 1967 under the name BBC Two. 13

The BBC created CEEFAX in 1974. The Teletext service was originally designed to provide subtitles for deaf television viewers but soon became a source of written news, weather updates, and information on sports. 14

The live broadcast of the wedding of then-Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer in July 1981 was watched internationally by approximately 750 million people, making it the most-watched program to ever be broadcast at the time. The organization released its own microcomputer in 1982 called BBC Micro. 15

The BBC launched its first 24-hour news channel, called BBC News 24, in November 1997. This was the second 24-hour news channel in the U.K., at the time. One month later, the organization launched its website BBC Online. The BBC also launched its first digital television channel in September 1998. 16

Funding

The British Broadcasting Corporation receives most of its money through television license fees, which every household must pay if said household watches or records live television, or if it uses the BBC iPlayer, the organization’s streaming service, on a television, computer, mobile phone, tablet, games console, or DVD recorder. 17

As of 2023, U.K. TV licenses cost £159 (approximately $197) per year per household for color TVs, and £53.50 (around $66) per year per household for black-and-white television sets. Households without a TV license that watch or record live television can be fined up to £1,000 (approximately $1,242). 18 19

The BBC Group, which is comprised of the BBC Public Service Broadcaster, its subsidiaries, and the BBC Commercial Holdings Group, received a total of around £5 billion (approximately $6.2 billion) in 2021, of which around £3.75 billion ($4.65 billion) came from TV license fees and just over £1.3 billion (around $1.6 billion) from “other income,” which includes income from grants and donations, and the activities of BBC commercial subsidiaries. This is a total increase from 2020 when the organization recorded a total income of around £4.9 billion (approximately $6.1 billion). 20

The BBC received a one-off payment of £20 million (around $24.8 million) from the U.K., government in 2023. The funding was provided to “protect all 42 World Service language services over the next 2 years, support English-language broadcasting, and counter disinformation.” 21

The BBC pays its staff and on-air presenters with the revenue it receives from the television license. In 2021, the highest-paid on-air presenters included former English soccer player Gary Linker, who earned around £1.3 million (approximately $1.6 million) in 2021, and BBC Radio 2 host Zoe Ball, who earned £1.1 million (around $1.3 million) that year. The highest-paid executive of the BBC was its chief content officer Charlotte Moore, who earned around £400,000 ($496,814) in 2021. 22

Charitable Funding

The BBC has its own international charity called BBC Media Action. The charity focuses on providing media, communication, and information to international communities in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. It focuses on left-of-center issues including climate change, healthcare, and purported “false and misleading information.” 23

BBC Media Action, since 2009, has received a total of $21.6 million in revenue from United States federal funding, $13.3 million of which came in the form of grants, $8 million from subgrants, and $320,300 from subcontracts. Federal agencies that have contributed to BBC Media Action include the Department of State, the Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance, and the Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. 24

BBC Media Action has also received large amounts of funding from private grantmaking organizations. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, formed in 2000 by Microsoft founder Bill Gates and his then-wife, Melinda, has contributed approximately $54 million to BBC Media Action between 2006 and 2022; the largest grant of which was for $27.6 million and was listed under the foundation’s “gender equality” grant division. The Gates Foundation also granted the British Broadcasting Corporation $1.7 million in 2020 under its “global growth and opportunity” grant division. 25

The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (also known as the MacArthur Foundation) is a left-of-center private grantmaking organization that has provided a total of $335,000 between two grants to BBC Media Action, the first of which was a $210,000 grant made in 2008. 26

Claims of Bias

Conservatives have accused the BBC of promoting left-of-center viewpoints and harboring a left-wing bias. The BBC’s own guidelines state that the organization must “be inclusive, reflecting a breadth and diversity of opinion” across its reporting, apply “due impartiality to all our subject matter,” and in the case of “controversial subjects” distinguish clearly between opinion and facts. The BBC states that it should commit to “reflecting a wide range of subject matter and perspectives across our output as a whole” to ensure that a “significant strand of thought is not under-represented or omitted.” 27 28

Brexit Referendum

The question of the BBC’s impartiality was raised during the 2016 Brexit referendum, when citizens of the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union (EU). Former BBC journalist Professor Ivor Gaber noted that during the referendum the BBC showed “phony balance” due to its reporting on a letter signed by 1,280 business leaders that supported remaining in the European Union. Gaber states that the story written by the BBC was supposedly balanced due to the addition of a brief quote by entrepreneur Sir James Dyson, who stated the U.K. should leave the EU. 29

According to The Times, the BBC was accused of “failing in its duty of impartiality and promoting an institutional pro-European Union bias” in a report that the BBC itself commissioned. The report, written by an independent panel of pro- and anti-EU participants, stated that the BBC showed “certain forms of cultural and unintentional bias.” 30

According to Journalist Sir Simon Jenkins, then-BBC Director General Tony Hall claimed that BBC balance had “cost us the election,” referencing the Brexit referendum, because the reporting had given “too much credibility to leave” the EU. 31

Boris Johnson Loan Assistance

Richard Sharp announced he was stepping down as the chairman of the BBC in April 2023 to “prioritize the interests” of the organization after it was found that he had created a “potential perceived conflict of interest” after he failed to declare assisting former Conservative Party Prime Minister Boris Johnson in securing an £800,000 loan facility. A year prior, Sharp admitted that the BBC “does have a liberal bias” although the “institution is fighting against it.” 32

Lineker Immigration Comments

While responding to Conservative Home Secretary Suella Braverman’s video message on halting illegal immigration via boats on the English Channel, BBC soccer pundit Gary Lineker accused the government of “an immeasurably cruel policy directed at the most vulnerable people in language that is not dissimilar to that used by Germany in the 30s,” via social media in March 2023. 33

The BBC, which did not immediately suspend Lineker, was accused of left-wing bias. When the organization announced Lineker would be suspended due to his social media comments as he breached BBC guidelines, the organization was accused of right-wing bias. The BBC was again accused of left-wing bias when it reinstated Lineker three days later. 34

Analyses

Researchers at Cardiff University, who analyzed BBC news coverage from 2007 and 2012, published a study that concluded the BBC aired more right-of-center opinions than left-of-center. This study was challenged in 2013 by the Centre for Policy Studies, which concluded the BBC had a left-of-center bias. 35 36

The Office of Communications, commonly known as Ofcom, is the government regulator of broadcasting, telecommunications, and postal services in the United Kingdom. In a 2018 report on news consumption, Ofcom noted 61 percent of people surveyed believed that the BBC was impartial, which was a lower percentage than those who believed the regulated commercial broadcasters Sky News and ITV were, with the commercial broadcasters receiving 64 percent and 68 percent respectively. 37

A petition to parliament calling for a public inquiry into the bias of the BBC was submitted between 2017 and 2019. To move the question to parliament, the petition had to reach 100,000 signatures; the petition had a total of 105,421 signatures after six months. 38

Description of Pro-Life Group

The BBC has a children’s education resource called BBC Bitesize, which hosts educational study guides on several topics relevant to the U.K., schooling system. In one of its religious studies revision guides that focused on the ethics of abortion, the BBC labeled the Society for the Protection of Unborn Children (SPUC) as a “pro-life” charity that “advocates for the rights of unborn children,” promotes “the sanctity of human life” and “supports individuals and families through pregnancy.” 39 40

After critics, including the left-of-center British Pregnancy Advisory Service and Humanists UK, complained to the organization that its resource was “harmful”, “shocking” and “problematic in many ways,” the BBC removed it from the BBC Bitesize website. 41

Controversy

Jimmy Savile and Stuart Hall

Jimmy Savile was a British disc jockey and television entertainer who was on the air at the BBC for decades. After his death in October 2011, it emerged that he allegedly sexually abused hundreds of children and women throughout his career. 42

The earliest allegation of sexual abuse recorded by the British police regarding Savile was filed in 1955, before his involvement with the BBC. His first alleged incident of abuse during his time with the BBC was in 1965 at Leeds general infirmary, where Savile was a long-term volunteer. Police have identified this to be the time when he abused the most, alleging that he carried on that level of abuse for ten years. 43

Despite the police having several records of allegations on the abuse committed by Savile, the TV entertainer was knighted, and received a papal knighthood, in 1990. It has been alleged that in total, Savile sexually abused approximately 500 women and children, the youngest victim being two years old at the time. 44

After his death on October 29, 2011, the BBC aired a tribute program about Savile on November 11, 2011. 45

According to an inquiry held by Dame Janet Smith, a total of 117 witnesses who had worked at the BBC stated that they were aware of rumors surrounding Savile’s sexual abuse, as well as abuses committed by another BBC broadcaster, Stuart Hall, who would serve a prison sentence for his misconduct. 46 Smith reported that although BBC departmental heads had no evidence that Savile and Hall were abusive, she stated that certain individuals at the BBC “could have done something about Jimmy Savile and Stuart Hall.” 47

Smith’s report alleged that Savile had abused 72 victims who were connected with the BBC; eight of those victims were raped, while 44 were sexually assaulted. Most of the assaults took place in the 1970s, but the report also alleged that Savile’s abuse began in the 1940s and continued until 2009. 48

Smith’s report alleged that Savile’s Radio 1 producer Ted Beston knew about Savile’s sexual abuse. IT further alleged that not only did Beston not come forward and expose Savile, he was also willing to provide a young woman for Savile on at least one occasion. 49

Canon Colin Semper, a producer in the BBC’s religious broadcasting department, admitted that he was aware Savile was having casual sex with many women, some of whom he noted “might have been underage.” 50

Former Controller of Radio 1 and Radio 2 Douglas Muggeridge made inquiries about Savile in 1973 but was convinced by Savile that he was innocent. Smith notes in her inquiry that Muggeridge “should have retained his concerns, shared them with colleagues, and had a watch kept on Savile,” adding that if he had, “Savile might well have been uncovered in the 1970s.” 51

Dame Linda Dobbs, who performed a separate inquiry into Stuart Hall, noted that the presenter sexually abused 21 victims, eight of whom were under 16, two of whom were under 13, and one as young as eight. 52 Hall served a prison term after he admitted to numerous allegations of indecent assault; 53 he was acquitted of rape charges. 54

Fake Child Labor Footage

The BBC’s flagship program “Panorama” aired a documentary depicting footage of three young children making clothes for the retailer Primark in 2008. The footage in the documentary was revealed to be fake, with the BBC apologizing to Primark. The BBC would admit in a 49-page report that the footage was “more likely than not” to have been “not genuine.” 55

References

  1. “Licence fee and funding.” About the BBC. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc/governance/licencefee.
  2. “Committed Grants.” Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.gatesfoundation.org/about/committed-grants?q=bbc.
  3. Browne, Anthony. “BBC guilty of pro Europe bias, its own inquiry finds.” January 28, 2005. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/bbc-guilty-of-pro-europe-bias-its-own-inquiry-finds-rk8c2z0gxsr.
  4. “What Did the BBC Know About the Jimmy Savile Scandal?.” The Atlantic. February 25, 2016. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/02/uk-jimmy-savile-bbc/470943/.
  5. Halliday, Josh. “Jimmy Savile: timeline of his sexual abuse and its uncovering.” The Guardian. June 26, 2014. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/jun/26/jimmy-savile-sexual-abuse-timeline.
  6. Burrell, Ian. “Jimmy Savile report: The five senior BBC employees who knew about sexual predators but did not act.” The Independent. February 25, 2016. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/tv-radio/jimmy-savile-report-stuart-hall-bbc-employees-who-knew-about-sexual-predators-a6896246.html.
  7. “1920S.” History of the BBC. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/timelines/1920s.
  8. “Bbc.” GOV.UK. January 9, 2015. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/bbc.
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  10. “1930S.” History of the BBC. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/timelines/1930s/.
  11. “1940S.” History of the BBC. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/timelines/1940s/.
  12. “1950S.” History of the BBC. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/timelines/1950s/.
  13. “1960S.” History of the BBC. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/timelines/1960s/.
  14. “1970S.” History of the BBC. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/timelines/1970s/.
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  16. “1990S.” History of the BBC. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/timelines/1990s/.
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  33. Staff, The Week. “Is the BBC biased?.” The Week UK. April 28, 2023. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.theweek.co.uk/100501/is-the-bbc-biased.
  34. Staff, The Week. “Is the BBC biased?.” The Week UK. April 28, 2023. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.theweek.co.uk/100501/is-the-bbc-biased.
  35. Staff, The Week. “Is the BBC biased?.” The Week UK. April 28, 2023. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.theweek.co.uk/100501/is-the-bbc-biased.
  36. Trust, BBC. “Trust review of the breadth of opinion reflected in the BBC’s output – content analysis.” June 28, 2013. Accessed June 5, 2023. http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/assets/files/pdf/our_work/breadth_opinion/content_analysis.pdf.
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  39. Das, Shanti. “BBC Bitesize gave platform to ‘extreme’ anti-abortion group.” The Guardian. July 9, 2022. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/jul/09/bbc-bitesize-gave-platform-to-extreme-anti-abortion-group.
  40. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.premierchristianity.com/opinion/the-bbc-may-be-trying-to-silence-us-but-were-proud-to-be-pro-life/13467.article.
  41. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.premierchristianity.com/opinion/the-bbc-may-be-trying-to-silence-us-but-were-proud-to-be-pro-life/13467.article.
  42. Halliday, Josh. “Jimmy Savile: timeline of his sexual abuse and its uncovering.” The Guardian. June 26, 2014. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/jun/26/jimmy-savile-sexual-abuse-timeline.
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  44. Halliday, Josh. “Jimmy Savile: timeline of his sexual abuse and its uncovering.” The Guardian. June 26, 2014. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/jun/26/jimmy-savile-sexual-abuse-timeline.
  45. Halliday, Josh. “Jimmy Savile: timeline of his sexual abuse and its uncovering.” The Guardian. June 26, 2014. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/jun/26/jimmy-savile-sexual-abuse-timeline.
  46. ITV News. “Stuart Hall Released from Prison Ahead of 86th Birthday.” ITV News, December 16, 2015. https://www.itv.com/news/2015-12-16/stuart-hall-released-from-prison-just-days-before-86th-birthday.
  47. Burrell, Ian. “Jimmy Savile report: The five senior BBC employees who knew about sexual predators but did not act.” The Independent. February 25, 2016. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/tv-radio/jimmy-savile-report-stuart-hall-bbc-employees-who-knew-about-sexual-predators-a6896246.html.
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  49. Burrell, Ian. “Jimmy Savile report: The five senior BBC employees who knew about sexual predators but did not act.” The Independent. February 25, 2016. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/tv-radio/jimmy-savile-report-stuart-hall-bbc-employees-who-knew-about-sexual-predators-a6896246.html.
  50. Burrell, Ian. “Jimmy Savile report: The five senior BBC employees who knew about sexual predators but did not act.” The Independent. February 25, 2016. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/tv-radio/jimmy-savile-report-stuart-hall-bbc-employees-who-knew-about-sexual-predators-a6896246.html.
  51. Burrell, Ian. “Jimmy Savile report: The five senior BBC employees who knew about sexual predators but did not act.” The Independent. February 25, 2016. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/tv-radio/jimmy-savile-report-stuart-hall-bbc-employees-who-knew-about-sexual-predators-a6896246.html.
  52. Burrell, Ian. “Jimmy Savile report: The five senior BBC employees who knew about sexual predators but did not act.” The Independent. February 25, 2016. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/tv-radio/jimmy-savile-report-stuart-hall-bbc-employees-who-knew-about-sexual-predators-a6896246.html.
  53. “Stuart Hall Released from Prison Halfway through Sentence.” BBC News, December 16, 2015. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-manchester-35111521.
  54. “Stuart Hall Found Guilty of Indecent Assault but Cleared of Rape.” The Guardian, May 16, 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/may/16/stuart-hall-guilty-indecent-assault-cleared-rape.
  55. [1] “BBC sorry to Bangalore-based supplier for fake child labour footage.” Times Of India. June 16, 2011. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20111129103412/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-18/india/29674068_1_footage-of-three-boys-child-labour-primark.
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