The International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers (IAM) is a large industrial labor union in the United States and Canada. It represents roughly 340,000 dues-paying members in a broad variety of industries, including airlines, logistics, manufacturing, government, utilities, and retail. The IAM is a member of the AFL-CIO. ¹

The IAM is a politically active union. Among other issues, it opposes Right to Work laws, supports “card check” laws that would eliminate secret ballots in workplace unionization, opposes pension reforms, opposes free trade, and opposes the Obamacare taxes on generous “Cadillac” health plans. ²

Today, the IAM is targeting companies such as Amazon and IKEA for unionization to stem its falling membership. ³

History

Founded in 1888 by railroad workers as the Order of United Machinists and Mechanical Engineers, the union signed its first organizing agreement with the Atcheson, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad in 1892. ⁶

Eastern Airlines Strike

One of the IAM’s best-known labor actions was the 1989 strike that bankrupted Eastern Airlines. The machinists were later joined in the strike for nine months by Eastern’s pilots, who were unionized members of the Air Line Pilots Association. ⁷ The airline attempted to operate with replacement employees, but was forced to file for bankruptcy and finally ceased operations in early 1991 without ever resolving the Machinists strike. The New York Times reported that some IAM members “rejoiced” and “celebrated a victory” over a company that had been South Florida’s second-largest employer when the strike began, as well as the first airline the IAM had ever organized 52 years earlier. ⁸⁹

Political Activity

The IAM actively supports left-wing causes and donates overwhelmingly to Democratic politicians. Since 1990, the union and its affiliated “Machinists Non-Partisan Political League” have donated $37.8 million to Democratic candidates but just $643,161 to Republicans. ¹⁰ It has reported $39,846,033 in federal lobbying expenses since 1998.

The union also funds a number of liberal advocacy groups from its general treasury. In 2018, the union reported providing the labor-affiliated think tank Economic Policy Institute with $50,000; the left-wing media event Netroots Nation with $12,500; and the socialist group Workers Defense League with $5,000 among other expenditures supporting advocacy groups. ¹¹

Controversies

Institutional Racism and Sexism

The Machinists Union was notable in the labor movement of the late 1800s and early 1900s for policies that limited membership in the union to white men.

These racial barriers were so outside the norm in the union movement of that era that they made the IAM ineligible for membership in the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Eventually, a workaround was reached in 1895 that enabled the IAM to join the AFL without actually integrating its membership: The union removed formal racial exclusions from its constitution, but implemented a pledge in each local lodge that no union member would propose a non-white person for membership. While the union opened membership to women in 1911, it was not until 1948 that it finally eliminated its racial exclusions after the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act. ¹²

These policies not only impacted the Machinists Union’s own members, but in practice meant companies could not hire women or minorities for jobs if the IAM had organized those positions. For instance, aircraft manufacturer Boeing only hired its first African-American worker in 1942, after the federal government banned discriminatory hiring practices at federal contractors. Boeing claimed its hiring policies were the result of Seattle’s IAM Local 751 being unwilling to represent non-white workers. ¹³

Undemocratic Elections

Responding to complaints from Machinists Union members that there had not been a contested election for the IAM’s national leadership positions since 1961, the U.S. Department of Labor required the IAM to change its nomination procedures and allow its 2014 elections to be overseen by the Labor Department’s Office of Labor-Management Standards (OLMS). ^{14 15 16} Unsatisfied by the union’s progress toward electoral reforms, federal regulators then required the OLMS to oversee a re-run of the IAM’s 2017 elections, which had confirmed Robert Martinez as the successor to long-time president R. Thomas Buffenbarger. ^{17 18}

Pension Fund Mismanagement

In 2016, the U.S. Department of Labor sued the trustees of the IAM’s pension fund, alleging a range of mismanagement and corruption that included, “Spending and permitting others to spend fund assets lavishly on unnecessary trips, parties and extravagant food, wine, and accommodations.” ¹⁹ The defendants, who included current IAM president Robert Martinez, settled the case by agreeing to repay $200,000 to the fund, pay $40,000 in penalties and revamp the fund’s process for selecting investment counsel. ²⁰

Right to Work

The IAM and its locals have a contentious history of attempting to skirt state Right to Work laws and otherwise claim jurisdiction over workers who decline to be union members or exercise Beck rights to pay reduced forced fees in forced-unionism states. Some examples include:

• Claiming in federal court that a single one-time notice in 1959 permanently fulfilled the IAM’s legal requirement to inform its members of their rights under federal law to be protected from abuses by union officials. ²¹
• Fining workers who returned to work during a strike at an Illinois Caterpillar plant even though many of the workers were not union members. ²²
• Getting a Lockheed Martin worker fired from his job at NASA’s Cape Canaveral facility after he left the IAM because it supported organizations that conflicted with his religious faith. ²³
• Having to retroactively offer backdated union resignations and Beck objector status with reduced mandatory fees to IKEA employees in Maryland after the National Labor Relations Board investigated allegations that local union officials had been claiming union membership was a prerequisite for employment. ²⁴

The IAM donated $500,000 in 2018 to the Missouri AFL-CIO to support a lavishly-funded campaign against Right to Work legislation in that state.

Unionizing Amazon

In 2014, the IAM lost the first-ever unionization vote by workers at an Amazon facility in the United States. The 21-6 vote against IAM representation at a Middletown, Delaware warehouse was widely seen as a high-profile rebuke to unions who have been targeting Amazon’s workforce for unionization. ²⁵

1. “FORM LM-2 LABOR ORGANIZATION ANNUAL REPORT.” U.S. Department of Labor. Accessed April 22, 2019. https://olms.dol-esa.gov/query/orgReport.do?rptId=696755&rptForm=LM2Form.
2. “IAM Action Alerts.” INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MACHINISTS AND AEROSPACE WORKERS. Accessed April 15, 2019. https://www.goiam.org/departments/headquarters/politics-and-legislation/iam-action-alerts/#/.
3. Greenhouse, Steven. “Workers at an Amazon Warehouse Reject Forming a Union.” The New York Times, January 15, 2014. Accessed April 15, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/16/business/workers-at-an-amazon-warehouse-reject-forming-a-union.html.
6. “History of the IAM (Timeline).” INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MACHINISTS AND AEROSPACE WORKERS. Accessed April 15, 2019. https://www.goiam.org/about/history-of-the-iam/.[/^note]

   The IAM first organized automotive mechanics in 1916, aircraft manufacturers in 1936, airlines in 1939 and electronics manufacturers in 1962. By the end of the 1960s, the IAM had largely left its railroad roots to become focused on the growing aerospace industry. ⁴“History of the IAM (Timeline).” INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MACHINISTS AND AEROSPACE WORKERS. Accessed April 15, 2019. https://www.goiam.org/about/history-of-the-iam/.[/^note]

   National Airline Strike

   In 1966, the IAM held a coordinated strike against the airline industry that shut down almost two-thirds of the nation’s airline travel. President Lyndon B. Johnson, concerned about the strike’s impact on the war in Vietnam, hosted negotiations at the White House that resulted in significant raises for IAM members. ⁵Rodden, Robert G. “Today in Labor History: Airline Workers Strike in 1966.” People’s World. July 08, 2015. Accessed April 15, 2019. https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/today-in-labor-history-airline-workers-strike-in-196/.

7. Dallos, Robert E. “Eastern Pilots End Strike but Jobs Are Gone.” Los Angeles Times, November 23, 1989. Accessed April 15, 2019. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-11-23-mn-252-story.html.
8. Salpukas, Agis. “Eastern Airlines Brought Down by a Strike So Bitter It Became a Crusade.” The New York Times, January 20, 1991. Accessed April 15, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/20/us/eastern-airlines-brought-down-by-a-strike-so-bitter-it-became-a-crusade.html.
9. “Eastern Airlines Once Flew High over Miami. Then Came the Day It Was Grounded Forever.” Miami Herald, March 10, 1989. February 24, 2019. Accessed April 15, 2019. https://www.miamiherald.com/news/business/article226712839.html.
10. “Machinists & Aerospace Workers Union: Total Contributions.” OpenSecrets.org. Accessed April 15, 2019. https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/totals.php?id=D000000078&cycle=2018.
11. International Association of Machinists, Annual Report of a Labor Organization (Form LM-2), 2018, Schedule 17
12. Montgomery, David. The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865-1925. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Accessed April 15, 2019. https://books.google.com/books?id=kmCI6l0o-6AC&pg=PA200&lpg=PA200#v=onepage&q&f=false.
13. Davenport, Sarah. “Battle at Boeing: African Americans and the Campaign for Jobs 1939-1942.” Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project – University of Washington. Accessed April 15, 2019. https://depts.washington.edu/civilr/boeing_battle.htm
14. “Voluntary Compliance Agreements 2013.” U.S. Department of Labor – Office of Labor-Management Standards (OLMS) — Voluntary Compliance Agreements. Accessed April 15, 2019. https://www.dol.gov/olms/regs/compliance/volun_agree_2013.htm.
15. Maher, Kris, and Jon Ostrower. “Dissidents Challenge Longtime Machinists Union Leadership.” The Wall Street Journal. December 06, 2013. Accessed April 15, 2019. https://www.wsj.com/articles/dissidents-challenge-longtime-machinists-union-leadership-1386358579.
16. DePillis, Lydia. “What Happens When a Union Starts Acting like a Corporation?” Washington Post, December 9, 2013. Accessed April 15, 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/12/09/what-happens-when-a-union-starts-acting-like-a-corporation/?utm_term=.57d7e1b1f399.
17. “IAM Statement on DOL-Supervised Rerun of Election.” INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MACHINISTS AND AEROSPACE WORKERS. August 21, 2017. Accessed April 15, 2019. https://www.goiam.org/press-releases/iam-statement-dol-supervised-rerun-election/.
18. “Machinists Union Announces Bob Martinez to Succeed Tom Buffenbarger as International President.” BusinessWire. November 23, 2015. Accessed April 15, 2019. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20151123005651/en/Machinists-Union-Announces-Bob-Martinez-Succeed-Tom.
19. “US Labor Department Files Suit against International Association of Machinists’ Pension Plan, Trustees for Multiple Fiduciary Breaches.” U.S. Department of Labor. January 24, 2016. Accessed April 22, 2019. https://www.dol.gov/newsroom/releases/20160201-1.
20. “Court Orders Trustees of International Association of Machinists’ National Pension Fund to Restore $200K to Plan, Pay $40K in Penalties.” U.S. Department of Labor. July 19, 2016. Accessed April 22, 2019. https://www.dol.gov/newsroom/releases/ebsa/ebsa20160721.
21. Thomas v. Grand Lodge of Int’l Ass’n of Machinists, 201 F.3d 517 (4th Cir. 2000) https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F3/201/201.F3d.517.-97-2001-.99-1621.html
22. Cancino, Alejandra. “Dozens Fight Union Fines over Strike at Joliet Caterpillar Plant.” Chicago Tribune, April 3, 2013. Accessed April 15, 2019. https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-xpm-2013-04-02-chi-dozens-fight-union-fines-over-strike-at-joliet-caterpillar-plant-20130402-story.html.
23. Boyd, Christopher. “WORKER DOESN’T HAVE TO SUPPORT UNION.” Orlando Sentinel, June 11, 2003. Accessed April 15, 2019. https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2003-06-11-0306110145-story.html.
24. “UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT” Accessed April 15, 2019. https://www.nrtw.org/files/nrtw/IAM%20IKEA%20Settlement.pdf
25. Greenhouse, Steven. “Workers at an Amazon Warehouse Reject Forming a Union.” The New York Times, January 15, 2014. Accessed April 15, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/16/business/workers-at-an-amazon-warehouse-reject-forming-a-union.html.