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By Any Means Necessary (BAMN)

Website:

www.bamn.com/
Formation:

1995
Full Name:

Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, Integration and Immigrant Rights and Fight for Equality By Any Means Necessary
Founders:

Shanta Driver

Luke Massie
National Chair:

Shanta Driver

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The Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, Integration and Immigrant Rights and Fight for Equality By Any Means Necessary (often shortened to By Any Means Necessary, or BAMN) is a left-of-center coalition linked with the Trotskyist Revolutionary Workers League created in 1995 in Berkeley, California.1 BAMN’s principles, adopted in 2000, say the organization is “dedicated to building a new mass civil rights movement to defend affirmative action, integration, and the other gains of the civil rights movement of the 1960s and to advance the struggle for equality in American society by any means necessary.”2

BAMN employs aggressive “militant” direct action and litigation to support its cause.3 BAMN protests of official government bodies have resulted in flipping tables and other disruptive outbursts.1  BAMN demonstrators have been arrested for inciting riots,4 throwing rocks at police,5 and destruction of property.6 BAMN has additionally been described as a “more radical” caucus within teachers unions.7

Its efforts have been largely unsuccessful; in Michigan and California, voters supported initiatives to end affirmative action over BAMN’s strident opposition, and the U.S. Supreme Court rejected BAMN’s legal arguments against the initiatives, upholding their constitutionality. 8

In the 2020s, BAMN helped organize several anti-police, anti-Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), pro-transgender, and pro-illegal immigration rallies and protests in Michigan and California. 9 10 11 12

Background

The Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, Integration & Immigrant Rights, and Fight for Equality By Any Means Necessary (or BAMN) is a militant, left wing political group that organizes demonstrations and litigation to achieve its political agenda.13

BAMN was founded in Berkeley, California in 1995 by attorney Shanta Driver and fellow activist Luke Massie in response to a statewide proposal to ban race-based affirmative action in employment and higher education. Liberal observers have noted BAMN’s links to the Trotskyite Revolutionary Workers League (RWL).1 In a 2001 interview with the Michigan Daily, Massie said that BAMN was “partially initiated by the RWL”; he further asserted, “The Revolutionary Workers League is a Trotskyist organization of which I’m a member […] We [RWL] are proud to be part of a whole lot of struggles and to have played a role in the founding of BAMN.”3

In 1997, BAMN expanded out of California and moved its headquarters to Michigan to counter affirmative-action opponent Ward Connerly, who was campaigning against the practice in Michigan. 1

BAMN has been most active in California and Michigan; however, BAMN has also opposed initiatives in Arizona, Missouri, and Oklahoma.7

Structure and Funding

BAMN’s legal structure is unknown. The group describes itself as an independent organization1 composed of national organizers and volunteers and funded by member and community donations.3 The law firm of Scheff & Washington, P.C. (formerly Scheff, Washington, & Driver P.C.), for which Shanta Driver worked as of 2016,14 represents BAMN.3 The firm has also provided over $130,000 worth of in-kind assistance to Operation King’s Dream,15 a state political action committee that joined BAMN in litigation against Michigan efforts to prohibit affirmative action by the state.16

The 501(c)(3) nonprofit United for Equality and Affirmative Action Legal Defense Fund (UEAALDF) is the tax-exempt affiliate of BAMN that coordinates BAMN’s legal defense, education, and administrative functions.17 BAMN and the UEAALDF share the same two leaders, Shanta Driver and Donna Stern (who has been identified as the “National Coordinator” of BAMN in the group’s press statements18).19 UEAALDF’s budget peaked at around $200,000 in 2003.20

Left-of-Center and Union Support

The pro-labor union newspaper In These Times described BAMN as “a student-teacher alliance that operates as a joint caucus within the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) and National Education Association (NEA).”7

BAMN’s affiliated nonprofit UEAALDF indicates on its website that it has received financial contributions from the following left-wing organizations and people: the Ford Foundation, the Impact Fund, the Southern Poverty Law Center, Judge Gregory Mathis, the Kellogg Foundation, and the Michigan Human Rights Campaign. 21

Additionally the UEAALDF has reportedly received financial support from a number of unions, including the Michigan Federation of Teachers, the Detroit Federation of Teachers, the California Federation of Teachers, the San Francisco Central Labor Council AFL-CIO, the Michigan AFL-CIO, multiple AFSCME local unions, the United Auto Workers, International Longshoremen’s Association Local 1414, the Movement For Justice, multiple Service Employees International Union local unions, United Steelworkers of America Local 295, United Food and Commercial Workers International Union (UFCW), and the Amalgamated Transit Union Local 192. 21

Activities

As its name suggests, BAMN fights for its priorities “by any means necessary.”22 BAMN uses both litigation and “militant direct actions,” including rallies, protests, and petition drives, to fight for its agenda.3

BAMN’s “no-wait, rough-and-ready tactics”7 have earned them multiple critics including teacher unionists, and federal officials who view its brand of militancy as overly divisive. Some accuse BAMN of inciting physical violence or taking overly uncompromising stances.7

Violent Incidents

During the 1990s, BAMN was accused of involvement in numerous violent protests, many of which led to arrests. In 1997, BAMN activists were charged with instigating violence and throwing two-pound rocks at police officers.5

Then in 1998, BAMN activist Jessica Curtin was arrested for rioting and malicious destruction of property and BAMN leaders Shanta Driver and Luke Massie were arrested for misdemeanor destruction of property.23

In 2015, BAMN members engaged in violent clashes at University of Michigan Board of Regents meeting that led to the arrest of numerous BAMN activists.24

In June 2016, BAMN, along with other radical leftist groups aligned with the far-left extremist Antifa movement, led a group of 300 activists to demonstrate against a white supremacist rally in Sacramento. 25 The rally never took place, and BAMN activist and Berkeley middle school teacher Yvette Felarca was charged with assault and rioting26 for her involvement in a riot4 that ended with numerous people injured, including some who reportedly required hospitalization.27

BAMN played an active role in organizing the violent riots that caused the cancellation of a speech at the University of California, Berkeley by far-right author Milo Yiannopoulos in February 2017. 28 In April 2017, UC Berkeley cancelled a speech by right-wing author Ann Coulter due to threats of violent disruption by BAMN and other extremist leftist organizations.29

In November 2025, BAMN members organized a protest of a Turning Point USA (TPUSA) event being organized at the UC Berkeley campus, which had followed TPUSA founder Charlie Kirk being killed earlier in September at Utah Valley University. The protest soon turned violent, with activists constructing a barricade on campus and proceeding to assault police responding to the violence, with some “throwing paint-filled bottles and tear gas” at police and bystanders. 26 In response, the U.S Department of Justice (DOJ) announced it would be launching an investigation into the violence, while U.S Attorney General Pam Bondi released a statement on X (previously Twitter) that “[t]he violent riots at UC Berkeley last night are under full investigation by the FBI-led Joint Terrorism Task Force. We will continue to spare no expense unmasking all who commit and orchestrate acts of political violence.” 30

Student Organizing

In 2006, student demonstrators organized by BAMN shouted down officials and flipped over a table before the Michigan Canvassing Board voted to put an affirmative action measure on the ballot.1 The group also shut down a Detroit Public School board meeting using similar tactics in 2002. 1

Michigan canvassing board member Chris Thomas said of the 2006 protest, ”Never before have I seen such absolutely incredible and unprofessional behavior from lawyers urging this disruption.”1

Legal Actions

In 2003, BAMN was involved in two Michigan cases in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled against the University of Michigan’s factoring of race in undergraduate admissions, but upheld a narrower law school policy that considered race.7

In response to the rulings, Michigan voters in 2006 passed Proposal 2 to strike down all race-based affirmative action in the state. BAMN fought a legal battle to overturn Proposal 2 that ultimately resulted in the U.S. Supreme Court ruling against BAMN and upholding the law.8

BAMN has also waged legal battles against California Proposition 209 (1996), which sought to end the use of racial preferences in state programs, especially in higher education admissions. 31 32

In April 2025, BAMN and its national chair, Shanta Driver, submitted an amicus brief in three consolidated United States Supreme Court docketed matters, Donald J. Trump, et al. v. CASA, Inc., et al.; Trump, et al. v. Washington, et al.; and Trump, et al. v. New Jersey, et al. These cases all involved applications for partial stays of injunctions issued by lower federal courts against President Donald Trump’s executive order on birthright citizenship, which sought to end the practice of extending citizenship universally to nearly everyone born within the United States. In the amicus brief, Driver argued against the executive order, arguing that it was a step in President Trump’s plan to “make America a fascist nation.” 33 34

2018 Migrant Caravans

Also see Pueblo Sin Fronteras (Nonprofit)

On November 25, 2018, BAMN released a document implying that it helped organize the October migrant caravan (full document available here) from Central America partially organized by the left-wing immigration activist group Pueblo Sin Fronteras. BAMN accused the Trump administration of being “lawless and repressive. 35

Open it up or we’ll shut it down! Everyone must be let in! MEXICANS and AMERICANS stand with us!

The arrival of the migrant caravan at the Mexico-US border has proven once again that the tactic of the caravan is our best strategy for safely reaching the US. Although we have not reached the border without suffering the roughness of the trip and some of us suffering it more than others, united we have almost reached our goal of crossing to the US and have
set the example for thousands of our brothers and sisters that are now making their way in their own caravans through Mexico, while others prepare for the next caravan to take off.

. . .

We live in a daily joint struggle to survive in the US undocumented and we march side by side fighting for immigrant rights. We invite our Mexican brothers and sisters to join our caravan efforts to safely and promptly cross to the US.

The BAMN document called for the Democratic Party to demand the caravan be allowed to illegally cross the U.S. border: “The US midterm elections are over, there’s no reason why civil rights organizations and the Democratic Party apparatus should not be fiercely demanding open access across the border for the caravan and doing everything possible to stop Trump’s racist attacks on the caravan.” BAMN also encouraged Americans in San Diego, California, “to solidarize [sic] with the caravan [and], if are legally able, to get across the border to Mexico and help the caravan to cross the finish line as quickly as possible.”36

2020 Detroit School COVID-19 Reopening Protests

In July 2020, BAMN held protests at Detroit bus terminals to block buses from taking students to school. According to Benjamin Royal, a teacher and an organizer of the protests affiliated with BAMN, the purpose of the event was to protect schools and local communities from the spread of COVID-19. As a member of the executive board of the Detroit Federation of Teachers, Royal claimed that Detroit parents should not have the option of registering their children for in-person classes. 37

While 2000 Detroit children were registered to attend in-person summer-school classes, it was estimated that only 500 students made it to classes on the first day due to ongoing protests. Detroit was one of the largest districts in the United States that had planned to open schools for in-person classes for the summer and fall sessions. In the fall, the Detroit school district planned to allow high school students to attend school on alternate weeks, while students from Kindergarten to 8th grade were required to attend school in person every day. 37

According to Shanta Driver, the national director of BAMN, the organization sought to file a request for a preliminary injunction to halt all in-person classes in Detroit due to concerns that students, teachers, and school administrators could have been infected with COVID-19. 38

2020 Erik Salgado Shooting Protest

In June 2020, BAMN helped organize an anti-police protest in Oakland, California following the police shooting of Erik Salgado, an Oakland resident killed during a traffic interaction with the California Highway Patrol. The protesters claimed the killing was racially motivated and a “public execution.” Protesters demanded the officers involved be immediately identified and detained, and their personnel records made public. 9

2020 March for Hakeem Littleton

In July 2020, members of the group organized protests in Detroit to address the death of Hakeem Littleton. Detroit Police dashboard cameras and body cameras revealed that while officers attempted to arrest a man with an outstanding warrant for a drug-related felony charge, Littleton fired a pistol at them. The officers returned fire at Littleton, and he later died in a local hospital 39

BAMN posted a statement regarding the protests claiming that the police attacked the protesters and the protesters ultimately forced the police to retreat. The organization stated that the police officers who shot Littleton should be “charged with first degree murder and jailed immediately”. 40

2023 Michigan Transgender Day of Visibility

In March 2023, BAMN helped organize a Transgender Day of Visibility demonstration outside the Michigan state capitol building. Michigan State Representative Emily Dievendorf (D-Lansing) attended the rally and discussed her efforts to increase protections for transgender individuals in Michigan by helping pass an expansion of the Elliot-Larsen Civil Rights Act, which Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer (D) signed into law in March 2023. At the rally, Dievendorf announced her plan to “introduce legislation” to expand transgender legal protections even further in Michigan. Governor Whitmer expressed her support for the Transgender Day of Visibility rally via a social media post on X (formerly Twitter). 11

2024 UC Berkeley Protest

In November 2024, BAMN organized a protest at the University of California, Berkeley to oppose the election of President Donald Trump and the then-incoming administration’s agenda. Rally leaders expressed their intent to organize against the then-president-elect’s campaign promises, especially his plan to deport illegal immigrants. BAMN national organizer Hoku Jeffrey claimed that then-President-elect Trump “has to be defeated” because “[h]e wants to deport all the immigrants that are in this country.” 12

2025 Glendale Hospital Rally

In July 2025, BAMN organized an anti-ICE protest outside the Dignity Health Glendale Memorial Hospital in Glendale, California in opposition to the presence of ICE officers at the hospital. The protestors claimed the ICE agents were waiting in the hospital lobby for Milagro Solis Portillo, a woman who claimed to become ill during an immigration enforcement operation outside a Sherman Oaks apartment complex. Although the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) stated that Portillo had previously been removed from the United States twice and had been arrested for false information, theft and burglary, BAMN national organizer Hoku Jeffrey argued “Trump is the real criminal.” 10

Policy Positions

In a 2006 “Declaration on Immigrant Rights,” BAMN proclaimed that “immigrant-bashers hanker for a return to the “white man’s republic,” and the group rejected the notion of American citizenship altogether, proclaiming that millions of illegal aliens should be recognized in the law as American citizens immediately. 41

As part of its labor activism, BAMN seeks to build an independent militant union to create stronger labor unions that include illegal immigrant workers and create “more union-wage-level jobs.” They also call for the use of public money to create unionized public jobs. 42

On education, BAMN opposes charter schools, “the privatization of public education,” and any fee or tuition hikes, layoffs, furloughs, or program cuts in public higher education. 42 It also opposes standardized testing, which it claims elevates certain racial and class privileges.2

Connected Organizations

Alleged Ties to NAMBLA

By Any Means Necessary has alleged ties to the North American Man/Boy Love Association (NAMBLA),43 a defunct extremist organization advocating for sexual relations with minors and the abolition of age-of-consent laws through the Scheff and Washington law firm and the Revolutionary Workers League, which “played a role in the founding of BAMN.”44

A BAMN attorney45 and partner at Scheff and Washington, Eileen Scheff, was described in materials published by NAMBLA as a member of the organization. 43 In 1991, according to documents held by the University of Michigan, Scheff wrote an article denouncing the “witch-hunt against NAMBLA.” Scheff wrote that the depiction of NAMBLA as “organization of child molesters is completely false,” and that children need “sex-positive, including gay positive, sex education beginning in kindergarten.” She ended the letter saying, “I call on all progressive people in the lesbian/gay community, in the women’s movement, and in the community at large to call for consensual sex regardless of age.”43

Additionally, the documents showed that the Revolutionary Workers League, which BAMN co-founder Luke Massie said “played a role in the founding of BAMN,”44 worked directly with the NAMBLA in the years just before BAMN was founded.43

NAMBLA’s November-December 1991 bulletin described how the Revolutionary Workers League participated in one of its conferences. It read, “Revolutionary Workers League is supportive of gay rights in general and NAMBLA in particular.”43

Associations with Communists

BAMN has been associated with the Revolutionary Workers League, an extremist group associated with the Trotskyist movement within Communism. BAMN’s leaders insist that the group was created as separate from the Revolutionary Workers League.3

In a 2001 interview with the Michigan Daily, BAMN activist Luke Massie said that BAMN was “partially initiated by the RWL.” Massie further asserted, “The Revolutionary Workers League is a Trotskyist organization of which I’m a member […] We [RWL] are proud to be part of a whole lot of struggles and to have played a role in the founding of BAMN.”3

The fact that BAMN was created by a group of Revolutionary Workers League members and was represented by the RWL’s Detroit lawyer George Washington led to the criticism that was in fact merely a front group for the RWL, through which the Revolutionary Workers League used BAMN to introduce members to their extremist leftist agenda.3

Leadership

Shanta Driver is the national chair of the Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, Integration and Immigrant Rights and Fight for Equality By Any Means Necessary (BAMN) and the national director of BAMN’s non-profit affiliate, the United for Equality and Affirmative Action Legal Defense Fund (UEAALDF). She received her bachelor’s degree in psychology and social relations from Harvard University in 1975 and received her J.D. from Wayne State University Law School in 2002. Driver is an attorney at Scheff and Washington, a Detroit civil rights and labor law firm. Her litigation experience includes directing the student-intervenor defense in Grutter v Bollinger, the University of Michigan Law School affirmative action case. At BAMN, Driver has led the organizing of several marches and rallies, including the 50,000 person March on Washington to Defend Affirmative Action and Save Brown v. Board of Education on April 1, 2003. 46

Hoku Jeffrey is the national organizer of BAMN. 47 He is an alumnus of UC Berkeley. 12

References

  1. Lefebvre, Ben. “Wham BAMN.” Detroit Metro Times. January 11, 2006. Accessed November 8, 2017. https://www.metrotimes.com/detroit/wham-bamn/Content?oid=2183650
  2. “Principles of BAMN.” BAMN. Adopted October 19, 2000. Archived September 16, 2011. Accessed November 8, 2017. http://web.archive.org/web/20110916155344/http://www.bamn.com/1/principles.asp
  3. Clark, Anna. “Who Exactly Is BAMN.” The Michigan Daily. September 21, 2001. Accessed November 8, 2017. https://digital.bentley.umich.edu/midaily/mdp.39015071755065/360
  4. “Berkeley Teacher Charged In Connection With Riot At 2016 Sacramento Rally.”CBS 5KPIX. July 20, 2017. Accessed November 8, 2017. http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2017/07/20/berkeley-teacher-charged-in-connection-with-riot-at-2016-sacramento-rally/
  5. Williams, Frank. “Jurors Given Different Views of CSUN Protest Courts: Closing arguments heard in trial of two students arrested in Proposition 209 clash.” The Los Angeles Times. December 2, 1997. http://www.nathannewman.org/bamn/BAMN-LAtimes.htm 
  6. Bockhorn, Lee. “BAMN, NWROC Memebers Arrested.” The Michigan Review. Summer 1998. Archived from the original May 28, 2001. Accessed November 8, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20010528224413/http://www.umich.edu/~mrev/archives/1998/summer/pg4.htm
  7. Cersonsky, James. “BAMN Pushes Teachers Unions Toward Radicalism.” In These Times. August 21, 2012. Accessed November 8, 2017. http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/13716/bamn_offers_education_reformers_a_radical_civil_rights_approach
  8. Severino, Carrie. “A Victory for Equality: Schuette v. BAMN.” National Review. April 22, 2014. Accessed November 8, 2017. http://www.nationalreview.com/bench-memos/376300/victory-equality-schuette-v-bamn-carrie-severino
  9. Green, Matthew. “Protesters Demand Answers, Accountability in Fatal Police Shooting of Erik Salgado.” KQED. June 9, 2020. Accessed December 29, 2025. https://www.kqed.org/news/11823531/protesters-demand-answers-in-chp-fatal-shooting-of-erik-salgado
  10. Pulliam, Tim. “Immigrant rights activists rally against presence of ICE contractors at Glendale hospital.” ABC7 Eyewitness News. July 9, 2025. Accessed December 29, 2025.  https://abc7.com/post/immigrant-rights-activists-rally-presence-ice-contractors-glendale-hospital/17038487/
  11. Davidson, Kyle. “Michigan activists share stories of identity and community on Transgender Day of Visibility.” Michigan Advance. April 1, 2023. Accessed December 29, 2025. https://michiganadvance.com/2023/04/01/michigan-activists-share-stories-of-identity-and-community-on-transgender-day-of-visibility/
  12. Ellis, Maliya. “As Trump win sinks in, protesters gather at UC Berkeley and vow to fight against ‘fascism.’” San Francisco Chronicle. November 6, 2024. Updated August 7, 2025. Accessed December 29, 2025. https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/protesters-gather-uc-berkeley-vow-fight-19895056.php
  13. Complaint. Kiara Robles vs. The Regents of The University Of California, Berkeley, Et. Al. Case# 4:17-Cv-03235-CW. United States District Court For The Northern District of California.  Filed June 5, 2017. Accessed November 7, 2017.
  14. Lefebvre, Ben. “Wham BAMN.” Detroit Metro Times. January 11, 2006. Accessed November 13, 2018. https://www.metrotimes.com/detroit/wham-bamn/Content?oid=2183650
  15. “Amended Pre-General Campaign Statement: Operation King’s Dream.” Michigan Secretary of State. November 7, 2006. Accessed November 8, 2017. https://cfrsearch.nictusa.com/committees/511639
  16. “Defeat Ward Connerly.” AFSCME. 2006. Accessed November 13, 2018. https://www.afscme.org/members/conventions/resolutions-and-amendments/2006/resolutions/defeat-ward-connerly.
  17. “Become a Monthly Sponsor of BAMN and UEAALDF.” United For Equality & Affirmative Action Legal Defense Fund.” Undated. Accessed November 8, 2017. http://ueaa.net/documents/monthly_form.pdf
  18. “BAMN Rallies at Supreme Ct for Affirmative Action & 10% Plan.” BAMN. October 10, 2012. Accessed November 13, 2018. http://www.bamn.com/affirmative-action/bamn-rallies-at-supreme-ct-for-affirmative-action-10-plan.
  19. “UEAA Leadership.” United For Equality & Affirmative Action Legal Defense Fund.” Undated. Accessed November 8, 2017. http://www.ueaa.net/leadership.htm
  20. “Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax: United For Equality & Affirmative Action Legal Defense Fund.” Propublica. 2003. Accessed November 8, 2017. https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/383626850
  21. “UEAA:Donate.” United For Equality & Affirmative Action Legal Defense Fund.” Undated. Accessed November 8, 2017. http://www.ueaa.net/donate.htm
  22. Kim, Ryan. “Affirmative Action Groups Clash Over Tactics Non-student participation raises hackles.” The Daily Cal. Archived December 25, 2001. Accessed November 8, 2017. http://web.archive.org/web/20040305002725/http://archive.dailycal.org/archive/09.25.95/groups.txt
  23. Bockhorn, Lee. “BAMN, NWROC Memebers Arrested.” The Michigan Review. Summer 1998. Accessed November 8, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20010528224413/http://www.umich.edu/~mrev/archives/1998/summer/pg4.htm
  24. Allen, Jeremy. “Arrests Made As BAMN Protesters Storm U-M Regents Meeting.” MLive. April 16, 2015. Accessed November 8, 2017. https://www.mlive.com/news/ann-arbor/index.ssf/2015/04/watch_as_bamn_protesters_are_a.html  
  25. BAMN. “NO ‘FREE SPEECH’ FOR FASCISTS! Mass, militant demonstration shuts down Sacramento Neo-Nazi rally!” BAMN.com. June 26, 2016. Accessed November 8, 2017. http://www.bamn.com/social-justice/no-free-speech-for-fascists
  26. Gregory, Madeline. “Judge Denies Request to Drop Felony Charges against Berkeley Activist Yvette Felarca.” The Daily Californian. May 10, 2018. Accessed November 13, 2018. http://www.dailycal.org/2018/05/10/judge-denies-request-drop-felony-charges-berkeley-teacher-activist-yvette-felarca/.
  27. Meyer, Josh. “FBI, Homeland Security warn of more ‘antifa’ attacks.” Politico. September 1, 2017. Acessed November 8, 2017. http://www.politico.com/story/2017/09/01/antifa-charlottesville-violence-fbi-242235
  28. Hayden, Michael Edison. “Antifa Middle School Teacher Claims to Have “shut Down” Milo Yiannopoulos at Berkeley.” Newsweek. September 25, 2017. Accessed November 13, 2018. https://www.newsweek.com/alt-rights-worst-nightmare-antifa-middle-school-teacher-669946.
  29. Hasson, Peter. “Militant Group Plans To ‘Shut Down’ Berkeley March Against Marxism.” The Daily Caller. August 23, 2017. Accessed November 8, 2017. http://dailycaller.com/2017/08/23/violent-leftist-group-plans-to-shut-down-berkeley-march-against-marxism/
  30. Attorney General Pamela Bondi (@AGPamBondi). “Antifa is an existential threat to our nation.” X, November 11, 2025. https://x.com/AGPamBondi/status/1988339354754769099?s=20
  31. Schmidt, Peter. “Federal Judge Dismisses Challenge to California’s Racial-Preference Ban.” The Chronicle of Higher Education. December 8, 2010. Accessed November 8, 2017. http://www.chronicle.com/article/Federal-Judge-Dismisses/125660
  32. Williams, Carol. “Ban on racial preferences in California university admissions upheld.” The Los Angeles Times. April 3, 2012. Accessed November 8, 2017. http://articles.latimes.com/2012/apr/03/local/la-me-0403-court-affirmative-action-20120403
  33. [1] Driver, Shanta. “BRIEF AMICUS CURIAE OF B.A.M.N. (THE COALITION TO DEFEND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION, INTEGRATION AND IMMIGRANT RIGHTS AND FIGHT FOR EQUALITY BY ANY MEANS NECESSARY) IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENTS.” Supreme Court.gov. April 29, 2025. Accessed December 29, 2025.  https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/24/24A884/357755/20250429185937403_24A884%2024A885%2024A886%20Amicus%20Brief.pdf
  34. “PROTECTING THE MEANING AND VALUE OF AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP.” The White House. January 20, 2025. Accessed December 29, 2025.  https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/protecting-the-meaning-and-value-of-american-citizenship/
  35. “Open it up or we’ll shut it down! Everyone must be let in! MEXICANS and AMERICANS stand with us!” By Any Means Necessary (BAMN). November 25, 2018. Accessed November 30, 2018. http://www.bamn.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Open-it-up-2018.11.25.pdf; also available here: https://www.influencewatch.org/bamn-migrant-caravan-document-11-30-2018/
  36. “Open it up or we’ll shut it down! Everyone must be let in! MEXICANS and AMERICANS stand with us!” By Any Means Necessary (BAMN). November 25, 2018. Accessed November 30, 2018. http://www.bamn.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Open-it-up-2018.11.25.pdf; also available here: https://www.influencewatch.org/bamn-migrant-caravan-document-11-30-2018/
  37. Higgins, L., & Catolico, E. “Summer School Began in Detroit Monday, But Protesters Blocked Some Students From Attending Classes in Person.” Chalkbeat Detroit. July 13, 2020. https://detroit.chalkbeat.org/2020/7/13/21322447/summer-school-began-in-detroit-monday-protesters-blocked-some-students-attending-classes-in-person.
  38. Higgins, L., & Catolico, E. “Summer School Began in Detroit Monday, But Protesters Blocked Some Students From Attending Classes in Person.” Chalkbeat Detroit. July 13, 2020. https://detroit.chalkbeat.org/2020/7/13/21322447/summer-school-began-in-detroit-monday-protesters-blocked-some-students-attending-classes-in-person.
  39. Ruble, K., & Guarino, B. “Protesters gather in Detroit after police shoot and kill man who officers say shot at them first.” The Washington Post. July 10, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/07/10/detroit-protest-police-shooting/.
  40. By Any Means Necessary. “March for Justice for Hakeen Littleton! Jail the Killer Cops NOW!” 2020. https://www.facebook.com/events/686225805288894/?acontext=%7B%22source%22%3A5%2C%22action_history%22%3A[%7B%22surface%22%3A%22page%22%2C%22mechanism%22%3A%22main_list%22%2C%22extra_data%22%3A%22%5C%22[]%5C%22%22%7D]%2C%22has_source%22%3Atrue%7D.
  41. “Yearning to Breathe Free: BAMN Declaration on Immigrant Rights.” BAMN. May 26, 2006. Archived June 15, 2011. Accessed November 8, 2017.  http://web.archive.org/web/20110615081813/http://www.bamn.com/doc/dec-imm-rts.asp
  42. “NATIONAL CONFERENCE of the Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, Integration, and Immigrant Rights and Fight for Equality By Any Means Necessary (BAMN).” BAMN. November 13, 2010. Accessed November 8, 2017. http://web.archive.org/web/20110406082210/http://www.bamn.com:80/doc/2010/101105-bamn-conf.asp
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