Restaurant Opportunities Centers United (ROC)

Worker centers like ROC exist in a legal grey area and conduct demonstrations and union-like corporate campaigns while remaining exempt from rules that govern labor unions. ROC co-founder and co-director Saru Jayaraman described the approach as “minority unionism,” noting that ROC “gets workers to act like a union even where the workers have not been legally recognized as a collective bargaining unit.” The organization has become a prominent player in campaigns to raise the minimum wage and eliminate the “tip credit”—the provision that allows restaurant employers to count tips toward satisfying minimum wage requirements for tipped employees—under the banner of its “One Fair Wage” campaign, which Jayaraman was also leading as a separate 501(c)(4) advocacy organization as of 2026.^{3 4 5 6 7 8}

Background

Restaurant Opportunities Center-United was founded in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center in New York. ROC was founded in April 2002 by union organizer Saru Jayaraman and former Windows on the World waiter Fekkak Mamdouh with the mission of assisting the 13,000 foodservice workers displaced from jobs by the attacks. The organization had close ties to the Hotel Employees-Restaurant Employees (HERE, now Unite-HERE) Local 100 union, which had represented the employees of the destroyed Windows on the World.⁹

The organization incorporated as Restaurant Opportunities Center of New York (ROC-NY) and reportedly provided support for the surviving Windows on the World employees and laid the groundwork for union organizing campaigns in the New York restaurant industry.⁹ ROC opened a café, COLORS, which offered workers a share of ownership in exchange for 100 hours of labor, an amount increased in 2004; employees later sued ROC for violating labor law. A judge ruled that the workers were not legally considered employees and dismissed the case.¹⁰

By the late 2000s, ROC-NY incorporated a parent, national group for similar “worker centers” in other cities known as Restaurant Opportunities Centers-United, or ROC United. Jayaraman and Mamdouh took over as co-directors of the new national ROC. By 2014, ROC United had begun to absorb the New York group.¹¹

As of 2026, ROC was a national organization engaging in aggressive activism and litigation to increase pay and benefits for restaurant workers. The group has been known to invade restaurants it is protesting and disrupt service using Occupy Wall Street-style “mic check” chanting. The group has also run a union-style “corporate campaign” against national chain restaurant operator Darden Restaurants, which owns Olive Garden and Red Lobster among other brands.¹² ROC also sues restaurants it alleges have violated wage and hour laws.¹³

Legal Status

While Restaurant Opportunities Centers United and its local affiliates act like labor unions. ⁵

ROC is a registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit charity, which enables the group to receive funding from largely left-of-center foundations.¹³ Commentators have expressed skepticism that ROC should retain 501(c)(3) status, arguing that some of ROC’s programs, such as those that involve lawsuits on behalf of workers and negotiations before any firing at certain restaurants, represent a “substantial private interest” that should require a different tax-exempt status.¹⁴

The Federalist Society, a right-of-center legal group, published an analysis of ROC and other worker centers and the legal implications of their activities under federal labor law. The authors concluded that the NLRB erred and should have ruled that ROC was a labor organization. Labor organizations face more restrictive rules on picketing and demonstrations prior to organizing a workplace and the duty of fair representation of all employees after gaining exclusive bargaining.⁵

While ROC asserts it is not a labor union for tax and other legal purposes, ROC officials have expressed sentiments that ROC behaves like a union, and labor union officials have been enthusiastic about ROC and similar “alt-labor” organizing efforts. Jose Oliva, previously the networks director for ROC, said, “My theory is that worker centers are just third-wave unions. We had craft unions, then industrial unions in the Industrial Revolution, and now we have a new economy. That new economy has given rise to a new form of unionism that we right now call worker centers.”¹⁵

Saru Jayaraman, ROC’s co-founder and co-director, has expressed similar views about using ROC for formal union organizing. In 2003, she wrote, “The goal is to create a labor-friendly climate in these places, so the union can organize them in a few years.”¹⁶ She has additionally said, “And so we realize that what ROC really could be was a place to begin to organize the 99 percent of the industry that doesn’t have a union.”¹⁷

Funding

Restaurant Opportunities Center United is principally funded by foundations and other contributions, with a small proportion of its revenue coming from member dues.¹⁸ The group has received small amounts of funding from labor unions, including $5,000 from the Service Employees International Union (SEIU) in 2016.¹⁹ In ROC’s early years, the restaurant and hotel union HERE reportedly acted as ROC’s fiscal sponsor.²⁰

ROC has received substantial funding from left-of-center foundations over its history. The Ford Foundation has been among ROC’s largest long-term benefactors, having contributed at least $3.4 million to the group. ²¹

The Rockefeller Brothers Fund listed ROC United as a grantee as of 2024. The Walter and Elise Haas Fund provided general operating support for ROC’s Bay Area operations. The Pop Culture Collaborative, a left-of-center media strategy funder, awarded ROC a grant to develop television, film, and web series content centered on the experiences of low-wage restaurant workers. ^{22 23 24}

ROC has also received substantial funding from other left-of-center foundations. In 2014, ROC and its subsidiaries received grants from the NoVo Foundation (which was founded by the son of liberal investor Warren Buffet), the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, the California Wellness Foundation, the Public Welfare Foundation, the Robin Hood Foundation, the Surdna Foundation, and the Foundation to Promote Open Society of liberal billionaire George Soros, amongothers. ²¹

The group has received federal funding in the past, most controversially a $275,000 grant from the Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration that drew objections from Congressional Republicans. ²⁵ ROC-New Orleans also received a $200,000 sub-grant through the Asian and Pacific Islander American Health Forum under a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) program that was directed in part towards getting restaurants to join ROC’s association of restaurants supporting the labor agenda.²⁶

Partnerships with the Obama Labor Department

During the labor union-friendly Obama administration, ROC had partnerships with the federal Department of Labor. From 2011 to 2015, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) had an “alliance agreement” with ROC to educate workers on workplace safety laws. ²⁷ Congressional Republicans criticized this agreement citing violations of health codes by the ROC-controlled restaurant COLORS.²⁸

ROC was also an ally of the Obama-era Labor Department’s Wage and Hour Division, the division of the Labor Department that enforces minimum wage laws. ROC’s Michigan affiliate collaborated with the Wage and Hour Division on cases centered in Ann Arbor.²⁹

Policy Initiatives

Wages and Tips

ROC United is a consistent supporter of the labor union-backed agenda of employment mandates and regulations. The group is perhaps most notable as a supporter of the “Fight for 15” minimum wage campaign launched by the Service Employees International Union (SEIU). Despite backing the campaign, Saru Jayaraman has endorsed even higher wage mandates, demanding minimum wages as high as $21 per hour in a speech to supporters in North Carolina. ³⁰

ROC’s focus in minimum wage campaigns is eliminating the “tip credit,” the practice of allowing restaurant owners to count service workers’ tips toward satisfying the minimum wage. Under the slogan “One Fair Wage,” ROC campaigns to eliminate the tip credit alongside its campaigns to raise the minimum wage.⁷ Employees paid in tips are frequently vocal opponents of changes to the tip credit; in 2016, the Democratic-controlled Maine House of Representatives Labor, Commerce, Research and Economic Development Committee voted to reinstate the state’s tip credit after activism from tip-earning employees.³¹

In November 2022, ROC United and One Fair Wage celebrated a major ballot initiative victory in Washington, D.C., when 74 percent of District voters approved Initiative 82, which phased out the subminimum tipped wage and required restaurant employers to pay all workers at least the full D.C. minimum wage in addition to any tips received by 2027. The initiative passed despite opposition from the D.C. restaurant industry and the National Restaurant Association, which had successfully funded a similar effort to repeal a prior D.C. tipped wage ballot initiative in 2018. Jayaraman described the 2022 victory as a turning point, stating that D.C.’s passage of the initiative demonstrated that voters in a heavily restaurant-dependent city could be persuaded to eliminate the subminimum tipped wage even over industry objections. ^{32 33}

Immigration

ROC has a long history of involvement in debates over immigration. Co-director Jayaraman worked for The Workplace Project, an immigrant-labor organizing group, when HERE asked her to help found ROC.³⁴ Fekkak Mamdouh, the other co-director of ROC, is himself an immigrant from Morocco and coauthored a book, The Accidental American, on his experience and its implications for immigration policy.³⁵ After the election of President Donald Trump on an immigration-restrictionist platform, ROC announced a “sanctuary restaurants” initiative to encourage restaurant owners to support comprehensive immigration reform including a path to citizenship for unauthorized aliens.³⁶ The program has also partnered with abortion-rights groups.³⁷

ROC campaigns for ending what it identifies as “racial segregation” in the restaurant industry. ROC claims racial equity is one of the “highest priority challenges” for America’s food service industry. It advocates for public policy that would use government funding to train restaurant workers in anti-racism until racial equity is achieved. ROC also advocates for mandating transparent hiring and training processes within the restaurant industry to expose any reasons for racial disparities. ³⁸

Second Trump Administration

Following Donald Trump’s return to the presidency in January 2025, ROC United issued a statement warning that the National Restaurant Association and its allies in the new administration would “do everything they can” to regain employer leverage that workers had secured during the pandemic period. The organization described the Trump administration’s immigration enforcement operations as a particular threat, noting that illegal immigrant workers constitute a significant portion of the restaurant workforce and are particularly vulnerable to deportation. ROC stated it would “use leverage” created by the restaurant industry’s dependence on immigrant labor to resist immigration-law enforcement, while pledging to support other workers coming under attack. ³⁹

ROC United also opposed the Trump administration’s “no tax on tips” proposal, which was ultimately included in the “One Big Beautiful Bill Act” signed on July 4, 2025. The law allowed certain tipped workers to deduct up to $25,000 in qualified tips per year from federal income taxes through 2028. ROC and One Fair Wage opposed the provision, arguing that the tax exemption primarily benefited higher-income tipped workers such as fine-dining servers and excluded the lowest-wage tipped workers, who already owed little or no federal income tax, while doing nothing to address the subminimum tipped wage that ROC had long sought to eliminate. ^{40 41}

Racial Equity Menu

Racial Equity Menu is a project sponsored by Restaurant Opportunities Center United that advocates for racial equity in the food service industry. ⁴² It provides a “toolkit” that serves as a guide to restaurants on how to achieve racial equity in their hiring. ⁴³ ROC argues that achieving racial equity through campaigns such as Racial Equity Menu is necessary for ending institutional racism and what it argues is the legacy of the Jim Crow era. ⁴⁴

ROC National Diners’ Guide

ROC National Diners’ Guide is an app created by Restaurant Opportunities Center United that allows users to identify restaurant’s employments standards. ⁴⁵ ROC advocates for the food industry to provide its workers with a “livable wage” and racial equity, including opportunities for advancement. The app provides a rating system for restaurants near the user based on how they meet ROC’s employment standards. ⁴⁶

Food Chain Workers Alliance

Restaurant Opportunities Centers United is a member of the labor-backed Food Chain Workers Alliance (FCWA) coalition. Other members of Food Chain Workers Alliance include unions affiliated with the United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW), International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT), and Unite Here; worker centers including the Coalition of Immokalee Workers, Organization United for Respect at Walmart, Warehouse Workers United, and Laundry Workers Center United; and other labor-aligned liberal nonprofits including International Labor Rights Forum, Fair World Project, and Brandworkers International.⁴⁷

FCWA and ROC proclaimed a “general strike” on May 1, 2017, claiming over 300,000 workers would walk off the job.⁴⁸ Disruptions to commerce appeared to be minimal, with the Washington Post reporting, “Some said the turnout was lower than expected” at demonstrations in the nation’s capital.⁴⁹

Controversies

Restaurant Opportunities Centers previously ran a restaurant called COLORS. Originally, workers at the restaurant were offered an ownership stake in exchange for 100 hours of unpaid labor; a lawsuit seeking back pay later alleged the terms were changed without warning.⁵⁰ COLORS has gone in and out of operation and has a history of violations of New York City restaurant health codes.⁵¹ The restaurant reportedly operated at a loss, and has permanently closed. ⁵²

ROC was criticized after it placed a listing on the LinkedIn professional networking service for an unpaid graphic designer despite the group advocating doubling the federal minimum wage or more. ⁵³ ROC also faced criticism for using FitzGibbon Media, a left-of-center public relations firm that shuttered after numerous allegations of sexual harassment by its founder Trevor FitzGibbon, for a campaign alleging widespread harassment of restaurant employees.⁵⁴

In 2013, ROC amended its tax returns and admitted previously undisclosed lobbying activity. The amendments came amid heightened scrutiny for the IRS, which had granted ROC-United tax-exempt status in 2009, during the conservative targeting scandal.⁵⁵

In 2017, ROC posted classified ads to both LinkedIn and Idealist.org seeking a campaign manager. The ads emphasized that the worker would be classified as an independent contractor and not a full-time employee, potentially reducing the effective wage rate the manager would be paid. This is despite the organization’s advocating against companies hiring workers as independent contractors, stating that the practice leads to a denial of benefits and job security. The ROC also previously endorsed a bill targeting so-called “wage theft” by stating that independent contractors “are not entitled to the same minimum wage, overtime, and other protections as employees.”⁵⁶

In March 2020, the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights filed a lawsuit against Restaurant Opportunities Centers United (ROC), with whom the center shares a building in Oakland, CA. According to the lawsuit, the Ella Baker Center raised $10.4 million for the building and the restaurant set to open in it, while ROC only raised $3.14 million. ⁵⁷ The Ella Baker Center also paid a loan in full for the joint venture, even though the loan was supposed to be shared between the two organizations. ⁵⁷ ROC only spent $788,184 on the restaurant, while the Ella Baker Center paid over $2.8 million. ⁵⁷ The two organizations settled before going to court, and ROC did not officially accept responsibility pursuant to the settlement agreement. ⁵⁷

In June 2020, ROC employee James Cox was fired after a staff Zoom call. Before the call, Cox sent an all-staff email asking whether ROC would make a statement about the Black Lives Matter protests going on at the time. ⁵⁷ According to Cox and Cipriano Belser, another former ROC employee who was on the zoom call, ROC’s executive director Sekou Siby and human resources director Alicia Renee Farris yelled at staff and said that they felt attacked by Cox’s email. ⁵⁷ Cox’s lawsuit alleges that Ferris muted Cox while they argued about the email and Cox’s intent. ⁵⁷ Two days after the Zoom call, Cox was fired for yelling during the meeting and being insubordinate. ⁵⁷

In 2021, Restaurant Opportunities Centers United was sued by three former employees for discrimination, wrongful termination, and retaliation. On top of the lawsuit, five current and former employees of ROC allege that there have been multiple instances of “sex, race, and age discrimination” at ROC, according to an article in the San Francisco Chronicle. ⁵⁷ According to the plaintiffs’ attorney Prathima Price, “If you’re a woman of color or a woman leader, you’re being treated in a discriminatory way and then pushed out at ROC.” ⁵⁷ ROC denied the allegations and cited its racially diverse leadership in response to accusations of racial discrimination. ⁵⁷

The plaintiffs alleged that ROC required restaurant workers to pay for accommodations, transportations, and food at ROC events while restaurant owners received those benefits for free at ROC events. ⁵⁷ Laura Ekua, who was fired from ROC in 2019 for failing to attend a meeting after she missed her flight, claims that she had to “fight with management to get money for hotdogs for restaurant workers at a New York event” even though ROC was paying for restaurant owners to eat at nice restaurants. ⁵⁷ Ekua also alleges that working conditions at ROC were inadequate. She claims that she worked in an ROC building that had dirt floors and exposed drywall. ⁵⁷

People

As of 2025, Saru Jayaraman was co-director of Restaurant Opportunities Centers United. Jayaraman is a career union and progressive organizer who was approached by HERE in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks to head ROC-NY. Since taking control of ROC, Jayaraman has released books advocating for the restaurant labor movement.⁵² In 2014, she was recognized by then-President Barack Obama as a “Champion of Change” for her efforts to increase employment regulation and unionize the restaurant industry. ⁵⁸

As of 2024, Jayaraman was working concurrently as president of One Fair Wage, the 501(c)(4) advocacy organization she founded in 2013 as an outgrowth of ROC’s tip-credit elimination campaign, and as director of the food labor research center at the University of California, Berkeley. Jayaraman earned both a J.D. from Yale Law School and a master’s degree from Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. ⁸

Fekkak Mamdouh was a waiter and union shop steward at Windows on the World when the restaurant was destroyed in the September 11 attacks. Since the foundation of ROC, he has worked as the group’s co-director and wrote a book advocating for liberalization of immigration laws⁵⁹