The Open Society Policy Center (OSPC) is a lobbying group associated with the Open Society Network and the Open Society Foundations, the principal advocacy philanthropic efforts of left-of-center financial billionaire George Soros.

From May 2002 to April 2023, OSPC has reported spending over $161 million on lobbying. ¹ Nearly one-third of that amount, or $48.47 million, was spent in the 2019 cycle alone. ² That year, OSPC became the second biggest spender on federal lobbying in the United States, after the Chamber of Commerce of the United States, beating out traditionally high-spending lobbying groups such as the National Association of Realtors, the Pharmaceutical Research & Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), the American Hospital Association, and health insurer Blue Cross/Blue Shield. ³

OSPC lobbies and make grants to other left-of-center advocacy groups in several areas, including foreign policy and national security, immigration, criminal justice, election reform, and “reproductive and sexual justice.” ⁴ It has also taken a lead role in opposing judicial and executive branch nominees of both the Trump and George W. Bush administrations.

Nominations

Trump Administration

In 2018, OPSC gave $2 million in grants to left-wing groups to advocate against President Donald Trump’s judicial nominations. The grantees included $1,000,000 to Planned Parenthood Action Fund, $150,000 to the Center for American Progress Action Fund, $150,000 to the Committee for a Fair Judiciary, $350,000 to Color of Change (a part of which was designated for voting rights advocacy), $200,000 to the Leadership Conference for Civil and Human Rights (LCCHR), and $100,000 to Maine People’s Alliance. ⁵⁶

Between 2012 and 2016, OSPC gave more than $2 million to the Sixteen Thirty Fund,⁷ which was characterized as one of the “key groups founded to resist Trump” by the Atlantic. The Sixteen Thirty Fund sponsors Demand Justice, one of the leading groups that has worked to oppose Trump judicial nominees. ⁸

In 2018, OSPC lobbied against the nomination of David B. Cornstein to be U.S. Ambassador to Hungary, Gina Haspel to be director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and Michael Pompeo to be Secretary of State. ⁹ Former OSPC executive director Rickard wrote a letter accusing Haspel of running CIA “black sites” and destroying evidence that CIA agents had tortured military detainees. ¹⁰

Obama Administration

In 2011, OSPC joined the Alliance for Justice and 75 other largely left-leaning organizations calling for return to “regular order” for judicial nominees in the U.S. Senate and “swift confirmation of President Obama’s judicial nominees.” ¹¹

George W. Bush Administration

OSPC also worked to oppose Bush administration nominees. In 2005, OSPC organized a coalition of left-leaning religious leaders and academics to oppose the nomination of Alberto Gonzales to be U.S. Attorney General. George Hunsinger of Princeton Theological Seminary, leader of the OSPC-organized group, told a press briefing that Gonzales “was at the heart of deliberations in high places about skirting the Geneva Conventions and international law. The question was not how to prevent abuse, but how far interrogations could go in getting away with it. It was but a short step from there to Abu Ghraib.” Gonzales was ultimately confirmed. ¹²

The next year, OPSC organized a group of 20 organizations working in foreign policy to oppose the possible re-nomination of John Bolton to be U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations. Bolton had been appointed to the position during a Congressional recess but faced a tough nomination fight; he ultimately withdrew in the face of opposition from Senate Democrats. ¹³

Lobbying Expenditures

From May 2002 to April 2023, OSPC has reported spending over $161 million on lobbying. ¹⁴ Over one fourth of this spending came in 2019, when OSPC reported $48.5 million in lobbying expenditures, making OSPC the second largest spender in the nation on federal lobbying that year. ¹⁵ In 2020, after reporting $4.9 million in lobbying expenditures in the first quarter of the year, OSPC filed for termination as a federal lobbyist. ¹⁶ OSPC did not report federal lobbying expenditures for the remainder of 2020, 2021, and 2022. In January 2023, however, OSPC filed an amendment to their federal lobbyist registration that reinstated its status as a federal lobbyist,¹⁷ and OSPC reported $1.5 million in lobbying expenditures during the first quarter of 2023 related to the Inflation Reduction Act. ¹⁸

Iraq War and Anti-Terror Policies

Throughout the George W. Bush administration, OSPC and persons associated with it were sharply critical both of the administration’s Iraq policies and domestic anti-terror provisions. ¹⁹

The same year, then-OSPC head Morton Halperin (now a senior advisor at the Open Society Foundations) argued that the United Nations needed to take the lead on the post-war Iraq reconstruction. ²⁰

Two years later, Joseph Onek, a former State Department official in the Clinton administration and OSPC security analyst, argued before a Congressional committee that “it is obvious that the government’s expanded information gathering and data mining systems [under the USA PATRIOT Act] will focus on Muslim-Americans.” Because of this, Onek proposed “that information gathered for anti-terrorist purposes not be used against individuals except in proceedings that directly relate to terrorism or other very, very serious crimes,” and not in immigration or other criminal prosecutions. “Unless this restriction is imposed,” Onek argued, the unfairness of using intelligence gathered from open sources “will breed discontent in the Muslim community and will undermine the fight against terrorism.” ²¹

Hungary

The organization has also lobbied officials in the State Department and Congress regarding laws passed by the Hungarian government that George Soros opposes and that impact his ability to carry out advocacy in the country.

In 2017, Open Society Policy Center lobbied State Department officials and the Congress against a Hungarian law preventing Central European University from offering degrees in both Hungary and the United States. This legislation scuttled plans by the university to open a campus in Budapest. ²² The university is funded by Soros and was opposed by “members of the ruling Fidesz party” who “portrayed the new measures as a fight for national sovereignty.” The government of Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban has opposed Soros’s efforts to influence Hungarian politics through international organizations such as the Central European University. ²³

In 2018, OSPC also lobbied the State Department and Congress against a “Stop Soros” law passed by the Fidesz-controlled Hungarian parliament that limits the activities of Soros-funded foreign entities that advocate on behalf of migrants entering Hungary and requires those groups to disclose their funding. ²⁴

Immigration Reform

Between 2012 and 2013, OSPC more than tripled its spending from $3 million to $11.25 million, largely to support liberal expansionist “comprehensive” immigration reform. Its largest grantee was the Alliance for Citizenship, a coalition of labor unions, liberal immigration advocacy groups, left-leaning community organizing groups, and faith-based groups. ²⁵

Throughout 2017 and 2018, OSPC lobbied Congress in favor of the DREAM Act, an attempt to provide permanent legal residence and a path to citizenship for a class of presently-illegal immigrants who had been brought to the United States as children. When efforts to pass the legislation failed in 2018, OSPC senior advisor Angela Kelley told the Los Angeles Times, “If there was helium in the balloon, I think it has been zapped,” and blamed Republicans for having “no clear plan…. Democrats would be wise to hang back and see what they come to them with.” ²⁶ The group also lobbied against funding for a border wall on the U.S.-Mexico border. ²⁷

In 2019, OSPC spent more than $100,000 lobbying Congress to pass S.2144, the SECURE Act, and H.R.6, the American Dream and Promise Act. These bills would have directed the Attorney General to adjust the status of any immigrant who had been given temporary protected status prior to 2017 to permit them to stay in the United States as a legal permanent resident. Neither of these bills had been enacted as of April 2020. ²⁸

Foreign Policy

OSPC lobbies for what a spokesman for the organization called “a progressive foreign policy.” In 2017, the group “reported lobbying on a bill (S.2047) that would withhold funds for U.S. military action against North Korea unless authorized by Congress.” ²⁹ In 2019, it also lobbied for a bill, H.R. 1004, that sought to prohibit U.S. military action in Venezuela, and for H.R. 2037, which would require the Director of National Intelligence to investigate and report on the murder of Washington Post columnist Jamal Kashoggi by persons associated with the Saudi Arabian government in the Saudi embassy in Istanbul. ³⁰

Criminal Justice

OSPC has made grants and lobbied on behalf of changes to federal and state criminal sentencing laws and supported other aspects of criminal justice reform efforts.

In 2010, OSPC supported the Fair Sentencing Act, which reduced the sentencing disparity between crack and powder cocaine and provided sentence reductions for many inmates sentenced under the prior laws. The bill passed the U.S. Congress and was signed into law by President Barack Obama. ³¹

In 2014, OSPC gave $1.5 million to support California Proposition 47, which reclassified many state felony crimes as misdemeanors and expanded opportunities for expungement. OSPC also “funneled resources into Vote Safe, an organization created in 2013 to help get Prop. 47 off the ground,” and Soros retained a seat on the board of the organization. ³²

In 2018, OSPC supported Issue 1 in Ohio, an unsuccessful ballot initiative that would have cut prison time for offenders who completed rehabilitation and education programs, and reduced low-level drug possession felonies to misdemeanors with no jail time. ³³

OSPC has lobbied Congress in favor of the Stop Militarizing Law Enforcement Act of 2019, which would end transfer of surplus military equipment from the Pentagon to state and local law enforcement agencies, and the Marijuana Justice Act of 2019, an effort by Senator Cory Booker (D-NJ) to legalize marijuana by delisting it as a prohibited “Schedule I” drug. ³⁴

Redistricting and Election Law

In 2012, OSPC gave $500,000 to groups that opposed a proposed Minnesota constitutional amendment requiring voters to show identification at the polls. ³⁵ The amendment failed.

In 2016, OSPC gave $300,000 to groups in San Diego that supported that city’s proposed Measures K and L, which require the top two vote getters in city elections in June primaries to go to a runoff in November (previously, city laws had permitted some officials to avoid a November election if they received an outright majority in the nonpartisan June primaries) and also required all city-wide initiatives to be approved in November and not June elections. Because these measures pushed these elections into higher-turnout November elections, the changes appeared “likely, at least in the short term, to help Democrats and hurt Republicans.” Both measures were approved. ³⁶

OSPC also gave $300,000 to a group that supported Amendment 1 in Missouri in 2018. The amendment withdrew the power to redraw legislative districts from the state legislature and gave it to an independent demographer hired by the state auditor. ³⁷

The same year, OSPC supported Question 1 in Maine, which sought to bring a “ranked choice” voting system in federal and state elections in that state. OSPC founder George Soros’s son Jonathan Soros also gave $100,000 to support the initiative. ³⁸

People

OSPC’s executive director, as of April 2023, is Laleh Ispahani. ³⁹ prior to assuming the post, Ispahani was co-director of the Open Societies network’s U.S. operations. Before that, Ispahani worked for six years as senior policy counsel at the American Civil Liberties Union. ⁴⁰

Also on the board are Gara LaMarche, former president of the Democracy Alliance, Andrea Soros Colombel, and Alexander Soros. ⁴¹

Tom Perriello was the executive director of OSPC from 2018 to April 2023.⁴² Perriello was a former Democratic congressman and gubernatorial candidate in Virginia. Perriello was also the executive director of the Open Societies network’s operations in the United States and worked as the president of the Center for American Progress Action Fund. ⁴³ Perriello’s past political campaigns received over $600,000 in contributions from the Soros family. ⁴⁴ Perriello also served on the board of OSPC in addition to his work as executive director.

Grantmaking

From 2004 to 2018 the Open Society Policy Center has generated $156,012,533 in revenue, expending a total of $155,715,735 with $122,665,747 paid out in grants. ⁴⁵ The majority of OSPC’s grantmaking is dedicated to left leaning 501(c)(4) advocacy groups and political action committees (PACs) within the United States, though it makes large grants to foreign organizations as well.

The organization’s largest of grants, totaling over $33 million from 2012 to 2020, were made to the Sixteen Thirty Fund, a “dark money behemoth” umbrella organization managed by the Arabella Advisors consulting firm. ^{46 47 48} According to the Open Society Foundations website, many grants from OSPC were designated for specific fiscally sponsored projects housed under the auspices of the Sixteen Thirty Fund. Projects funded by OSPC included Demand Progress Action, the 501(c)(4) wing of the Trusted Elections Fund, Demand Justice, Governing for Impact Action Fund, and several others. ⁴⁹

The OSPC has also recently provided significant funding to several other organizations, including the Center for Community Change Action, which received roughly $6.5 million from 2016 to 2020, the Working Families Organization ($11.5 million), the Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights ($5.1 million), Tides Advocacy ($9.1 million), America Votes ($6.5 million), Color of Change ($4.4 million), and the Planned Parenthood Action Fund ($4.1 million). ⁵⁰

See below, a list of grants made within the U.S. by the OSPC from 2016 to 202o, according to the Open Societies Foundation website. ^{51 52}

1. “Search LD-1 & LD-2 Reports Registrations & Quarterly Activity.” Search Registrations & Quarterly Activity Reports | Lobbying Disclosure. Accessed April 24, 2023. https://lda.senate.gov/filings/public/filing/search/?registrant=Open+Society+Policy+Center&registrant_country=&registrant_ppb_country=&client=&client_state=&client_country=&client_ppb_country=&lobbyist=&lobbyist_covered_position=&lobbyist_conviction_disclosure=&lobbyist_conviction_date_range_from=&lobbyist_conviction_date_range_to=&report_period=&report_year=&report_dt_posted_from=&report_dt_posted_to=&report_amount_reported_min=&report_amount_reported_max=&report_filing_uuid=&report_house_doc_id=&report_issue_area_description=&affiliated_organization=&affiliated_organization_country=&foreign_entity=&foreign_entity_country=&foreign_entity_ppb_country=&foreign_entity_ownership_percentage_min=&foreign_entity_ownership_percentage_max=&search=search
2. “Open Society Policy Center.” Center for Responsive Politics. Accessed April 11, 2020. https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/totals?id=D000055020.
3. “Top Spenders 2019.” Center for Responsive Politics. Accessed April 15, 2020.
4. “About Us.” Open Society Policy Center. Accessed April 15, 2020. https://opensocietypolicycenter.org/about-us/.
5. “Soros Fuels Dark Money Judicial Group That Fights Kavanaugh, Trump Nominations.” Washington Free Beacon. September 9, 2019. Accessed April 15, 2020. https://freebeacon.com/politics/soros-fuels-dark-money-judicial-group-that-fights-kavanaugh-trump-nominations/.
6. “OSPC Summary of Lobbying Activities: 2018, Third Quarter.” Open Society Policy Center. Accessed April 15, 2020. https://opensocietypolicycenter.org/reporting/ospc-summary-of-lobbying-activities-2018-third-quarter/.
7. Steven J. Allen. “Kavanaugh and the Revenge of the Clinton Gang.” Capital Research Center. Oct. 5, 2018. Accessed April 11, 2020. https://capitalresearch.org/article/kavanaugh-and-the-revenge-of-the-clinton-gang/.
8. Daniel Pozen. “The Tax-Code Shift That’s Changing Liberal Activism.” The Atlantic. November 27, 2018. Accessed April 13, 2020. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/11/501c3-501c4-activists-and-tax-code/576364/
9. “OSPC Summary of Lobbying Activities: 2018, First Quarter.” Open Society Policy Center. July 27, 2018. Accessed April 15, 2020. https://opensocietypolicycenter.org/reporting/ospc-summary-of-lobbying-activities-2018-first-quarter/.
10. Stephen Rickard. “Letters: Re ‘CIA agent’s past casts a shadow,’ April 1.” Los Angeles Times. April 4, 2018. Accessed on Westlaw (2018 WLNR 10102011) on April 15, 2020.
11. “Alliance For Justice Joins 75 Organizations To Call On Senate To Return To ‘Regular Order’ On Judicial Nominations.” Alliance for Justice. Feb. 15, 2011. Accessed on Westlaw on April 14, 2020.
12. Pamela Hess. “Gonzales Nomination Questioned.” UPI News. January 4, 2005. Accessed on Westlaw April 15, 2020.
13. “20 Organizations Opposed to Bolton Nomination.” Open Society Policy Center. Sept. 6, 2006. Accessed April 15, 2020. http://www.opensocietypolicycenter.org/pub/doc_119/September%205%20Bolton%20Org%20Sign-On.pdf.
14. “Search LD-1 & LD-2 Reports Registrations & Quarterly Activity.” Search Registrations & Quarterly Activity Reports | Lobbying Disclosure. Accessed April 24, 2023. https://lda.senate.gov/filings/public/filing/search/?registrant=Open+Society+Policy+Center&registrant_country=&registrant_ppb_country=&client=&client_state=&client_country=&client_ppb_country=&lobbyist=&lobbyist_covered_position=&lobbyist_conviction_disclosure=&lobbyist_conviction_date_range_from=&lobbyist_conviction_date_range_to=&report_period=&report_year=&report_dt_posted_from=&report_dt_posted_to=&report_amount_reported_min=&report_amount_reported_max=&report_filing_uuid=&report_house_doc_id=&report_issue_area_description=&affiliated_organization=&affiliated_organization_country=&foreign_entity=&foreign_entity_country=&foreign_entity_ppb_country=&foreign_entity_ownership_percentage_min=&foreign_entity_ownership_percentage_max=&search=search
15. Ludwig, Hayden. “A Cool $21 Billion for Politics-Courtesy of George Soros.” Capital Research Center. Capital Research Center, January 4, 2023. https://capitalresearch.org/article/a-cool-21-billion-for-politics-courtesy-of-george-soros/.
16. “LD-2 Disclosure Form.” LD. Accessed April 24, 2023. https://lda.senate.gov/filings/public/filing/6cc56491-19c3-44c9-83e5-e93b95838861/print/.
17. “1 Disclosure Form.” LD. Accessed April 24, 2023. https://lda.senate.gov/filings/public/filing/5f2760d2-5e36-4a12-b796-e99eb4f9dab5/print/.
18. “LD-2 Disclosure Form.” LD. Accessed April 24, 2023. https://lda.senate.gov/filings/public/filing/bfbf2b89-8346-4b65-b0de-cd9dfbf04b03/print/.
19. “Full-Page New York Times Ad ‘We Deserve the Truth’ to Run July 27, 2003.” U.S. Newswire. July 25, 2003. Accessed on Westlaw April 15, 2020.
20. “Changing Course in Iraq.” PBS News Hour. Sept. 3, 2003. Accessed April 15, 2020. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/changing-course-in-iraq.
21. “U.S. Representative Robert R. Simmons (R-CT) Holds Hearing on Open-Source Information Sharing.” CQ-Roll Call Congressional Transcripts. Aug, 5, 2005. Accessed on Westlaw (2005 WLNR 29722655) on April 15, 2020.
22. “OSPC Summary of Lobbying Activities: 2019, First Quarter.” Open Society Policy Center. May 1, 2019. https://opensocietypolicycenter.org/reporting/ospc-summary-of-lobbying-activities-2019-first-quarter/.
23. Lili Bayer. “Hungary passes bill targeting Soros-funded university.” Politico. April 4, 2017. Accessed April 15, 2020. https://www.politico.eu/article/hungary-ceu-story/.
24. “OSPC Summary of Lobbying Activities: 2018, First Quarter.” Open Society Policy Center. July 27, 2018. Accessed April 15, 2020. https://opensocietypolicycenter.org/reporting/ospc-summary-of-lobbying-activities-2018-first-quarter/.
25. Holly Yeager. “Soros group triples outlays on lobbying.” Washington Post. February 24, 2014. Accessed on Westlaw (2014 WLNR 5047961) on April 14, 2020.
26. Brian Bennet. “Revived push to shield ‘Dreamers’ fizzles out.” Los Angeles Times. March 8, 2018. Accessed on Westlaw (2018 WLNR 7179540) April 15, 2020.
27. Noah Bierman and Brian Bennett. “Barriers keep border wall in promise stage analysis.” Hartford Courant. May 2, 2017. Accessed on Westlaw (2017 WLNR 13491588) April 15, 2020.
28. “Issues Lobbied by Open Society Policy Center, 2019.” Center for Responsive Politics. Accessed April 15, 2020. https://www.opensecrets.org/federal-lobbying/clients/issues?cycle=2019&id=D000055020&spec=IMM&specific_issue=Immigration#specific_issue.
29. “Group Backed by Liberal George Soros Posts Uptick in Lobbying.” CQ News. Jan. 22, 2018. Accessed on Westlaw (2018 WLNR 2802479) on April 15, 2020.
30. “OSPC Summary of Lobbying Activities: 2019, Second Quarter.” Open Society Policy Center. July 29, 2019, Accessed April 15, 2020. https://opensocietypolicycenter.org/reporting/ospc-summary-of-lobbying-activities-2019-second-quarter/.
31. “Local activist to celebrate new crack law.” Birmingham Press-Register. Sept. 06, 2010. Accessed April 11, 2020. https://www.al.com/live/2010/09/political_skinny_local_activis.html.
32. James Poulos. “Few donors, big support for Prop. 47.” Cal Watchdog. Nov. 4, 2014. Accessed April 11, 2020. https://calwatchdog.com/2014/11/04/few-donors-big-support-for-prop-47/.
33. Holly Shively. “Dayton Chamber announces opposition to Ohio Issue 1.” Dayton Daily News. Oct. 2, 2018. Accessed April 11, 2020. https://www.daytondailynews.com/news/dayton-chamber-announces-opposition-ohio-issue/0M2sW6VsFFC3KyfEgzGVeP/.
34. “OSPC Summary of Lobbying Activities: 2019, First Quarter.” Open Society Policy Center. May 1, 2019. https://opensocietypolicycenter.org/reporting/ospc-summary-of-lobbying-activities-2019-first-quarter/
35. Doug Belden. “Voter ID: Amendment opponents outraise supporters.” St. Paul Pioneer-Press. Oct. 29, 2012. Accessed April 14, 2020. https://www.twincities.com/2012/10/29/voter-id-amendment-opponents-outraise-supporters/
36. David Garrick. “Measures K, L would boost power of November electorate.” San Diego Union-Tribune. Oct. 22, 2016. Accessed April 11, 2020. https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/politics/sd-me-november-runoff-20161021-story.html.   
37. Tyler Wornell. “Amendment 1 would change the way Missouri legislative districts are drawn.” Joplin Globe. Oct. 13, 2018. Accessed April 11, 2020. https://www.joplinglobe.com/news/local_news/amendment-would-change-the-way-missouri-legislative-districts-are-drawn/article_5a535514-5f48-5de5-8589-ac942929f551.html.
38. Darren Fishell. “Who’s paying to convince Mainers that ranked-choice voting suits them.” Bangor Daily News. June 8, 2018. Accessed on Westlaw (2018 WLNR 17785448) on April 11, 2020.
39. Stein, Sam, Eli Stokols, and Lauren Egan. “Soros Foundation’s Top Man Moves On.” POLITICO. Accessed April 19, 2023. https://www.politico.com/newsletters/west-wing-playbook/2023/04/18/soros-foundations-top-man-moves-on-00092571.
40. Open Societies Foundations. https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/who-we-are/leadership/laleh-ispahani. 2023.
41. “Open Society Policy Center.” Open Society Policy Center. Accessed March 24, 2022. https://www.opensocietypolicycenter.org/.
42. Stein, Sam, Eli Stokols, and Lauren Egan. “Soros Foundation’s Top Man Moves On.” POLITICO. Accessed April 19, 2023. https://www.politico.com/newsletters/west-wing-playbook/2023/04/18/soros-foundations-top-man-moves-on-00092571.
43. “Thomas Perriello.” Thomas Perriello – Open Society Foundations. Accessed March 24, 2022. https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/who-we-are/leadership/thomas-perriello.
44. Scher, Brent. “George Soros Gives Additional $250k to Tom Perriello for Virginia Primary Bid.” June 6, 2017. Accessed December 14, 2017.  http://freebeacon.com/politics/george-soros-gives-additional-250k-tom-perriello-virginia-primary-bid/.
45. Return of Tax-Exempt Organization. IRS Form 990. Part I. Line 12, 13, 18. Open Society Policy Center. 2004-2018.
46. Steven J. Allen. “Kavanaugh and the Revenge of the Clinton Gang.” Capital Research Center. Oct. 5, 2018. Accessed April 11, 2020. https://capitalresearch.org/article/kavanaugh-and-the-revenge-of-the-clinton-gang/.
47. Return of Tax-Exempt Organization. IRS Form 990. Schedule I. Open Society Policy Center. 2012-2018
48. “Open Society Foundations – Awarded Grants, Scholarships, and Fellowships.” Open Society Foundations – Awarded Grants, Scholarships, and Fellowships – Open Society Foundations. Accessed March 21, 2022. https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/grants/past?filter_keyword=Sixteen+Thirty+Fund&page=2.
49. “Open Society Foundations – Awarded Grants, Scholarships, and Fellowships.” Open Society Foundations – Awarded Grants, Scholarships, and Fellowships – Open Society Foundations. Accessed March 21, 2022. https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/grants/past?filter_keyword=Sixteen+Thirty+Fund&page=2.
50. “Open Society Foundations – Awarded Grants, Scholarships, and Fellowships.” Open Society Foundations – Awarded Grants, Scholarships, and Fellowships – Open Society Foundations. Accessed March 24, 2022. https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/grants/past?filter_keyword=Open+Society+Policy+Center&filter_location=united-states.
51. Return of Tax-Exempt Organization. IRS Form 990. Schedule I. Open Society Policy Center. 2016-2018.
52. “Open Society Foundations – Awarded Grants, Scholarships, and Fellowships.” Open Society Foundations – Awarded Grants, Scholarships, and Fellowships – Open Society Foundations. Accessed March 24, 2022. https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/grants/past?filter_keyword=Open+Society+Policy+Center&filter_location=united-states.